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<title>Apocalypticism</title>

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Apocalypticism

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the belief in the immanence of the end of the world. For the Judeo-Christian literary genre concerned with the revealing of hidden truths, see <a href="Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a>. For other uses, see <a href="Apocalypse_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Apocalypse (disambiguation)">Apocalypse (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background-color:#D4CEF2;">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:150%; padding-bottom:0.3em; background-color:#D4CEF2;"><a href="Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EAE6FF;;color: var(--color-base);margin-top:0.3em;"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Buddhist</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a></li>

<li><a href="Three_Ages_of_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Ages of Buddhism">Three Ages</a></li></ul>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EAE6FF;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;">

<ul><li>Biblical texts</li>

<li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a></li><li><a href="Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Book of Daniel</a></li></ul></div></li>

<li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a></li><li><a href="The_Sheep_and_the_Goats" title="The Sheep and the Goats">Sheep and Goats</a></li></ul></div></li></ul>

<ul><li>Major figures</li>

<li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a></li><li><a href="Two_witnesses" title="Two witnesses">Two witnesses</a></li></ul></div></li>

<li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse">Four Horsemen</a></li><li><a href="Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a></li></ul></div></li></ul>

</div><div style="padding-top:0.75em;">

<ul><li>Different views</li>

<li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Preterism" title="Preterism">Preterism</a></li><li><a href="Idealism_(Christian_eschatology)" title="Idealism (Christian eschatology)">Idealism</a></li></ul></div></li>

<li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Historicism_(Christianity)" title="Historicism (Christianity)">Historicism</a></li><li><a href="Futurism_(Christianity)" title="Futurism (Christianity)">Futurism</a></li></ul></div></li></ul>

</div><div style="padding-top:0.75em;">

<ul><li><a href="Millennialism" title="Millennialism">Millennialism</a></li>

<li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">Premillennialism</a></li><li><a href="Amillennialism" title="Amillennialism">Amillennialism</a></li></ul></div></li>

<li><a href="Postmillennialism" title="Postmillennialism">Postmillennialism</a></li></ul>

</div><div style="padding-top:0.75em;">

<ul><li>Other events</li>

<li><a href="Events_of_Revelation" title="Events of Revelation">Events of Revelation</a> (<a href="Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a>)</li>

<li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Rapture" title="Rapture">Rapture</a></li><li><a href="Armageddon" title="Armageddon">Armageddon</a></li><li><a href="Seven_seals" title="Seven seals">Seven Seals</a></li></ul></div></li>

<li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a></li></ul></div></li></ul>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EAE6FF;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="Hindu_eschatology" title="Hindu eschatology">Hindu</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a></li>

<li><a href="Pralaya" title="Pralaya">Pralaya</a></li>

<li><a href="Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EAE6FF;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;">

<ul><li>Figures</li>

<li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Beast_of_the_Earth" title="Beast of the Earth">Beast of the Earth</a></li><li><a href="Dhul-Qarnayn" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhul-Qarnayn">Dhul-Qarnayn</a></li><li><a href="Dhul-Suwayqatayn" title="Dhul-Suwayqatayn">Dhul-Suwayqatayn</a></li><li><a href="Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Isa</a></li><li><a href="Israfil" title="Israfil">Israfil</a></li><li><a href="Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a></li><li><a href="Al-Masih_ad-Dajjal" title="Al-Masih ad-Dajjal">Dajjal</a></li><li><a href="Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a></li><li><a href="Q%C4%81%CA%BEim_%C4%80l_Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Qāʾim Āl Muḥammad">Al-Qa'im</a></li><li><a href="Sufyani" title="Sufyani">Sufyani</a></li><li><a href="Gog_and_Magog#In_Islamic_tradition" title="Gog and Magog">Yajuj and Majuj</a></li></ul></div></li></ul>

<ul><li>Events</li>

<li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Khasf_al-Bayda" title="Khasf al-Bayda">Swallowing in Bayda</a></li><li><a href="Signs_of_the_appearance_of_Mahdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Signs of the appearance of Mahdi">Coming of the Mahdi</a></li><li><a href="Second_Coming_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Coming of Christ">Return of Isa</a></li><li><a href="Day_of_Resurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Resurrection">Resurrection</a></li></ul></div></li></ul>

</div></div></div></td>

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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EAE6FF;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;">

<ul><li>Biblical texts</li>

<li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Book of Isaiah</a></li><li><a href="Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Book of Ezekiel</a></li><li><a href="Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Book of Zechariah</a></li><li><a href="Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Book of Daniel</a></li></ul></div></li></ul>

<ul><li>Other sources</li>

<li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic literature</a> (<a href="Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a>, <a href="Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>, <a href="Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a>)</li><li><a href="Rishonim" title="Rishonim">Medieval Jewish scholars</a></li><li><a href="Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li></ul></div></li></ul>

</div><div style="padding-top:0.75em;">

<ul><li>Figures</li>

<li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Elijah_the_Prophet" class="mw-redirect" title="Elijah the Prophet">Elijah the Prophet</a>, Messiah (<a href="Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Mashiach Ben David</a>, <a href="Messiah_ben_Joseph" title="Messiah ben Joseph">Mashiach Ben Yosef</a>), <a href="Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a>, <a href="Armilus" title="Armilus">Armilus</a></li></ul></div></li></ul>

</div><div style="padding-top:0.75em;">

<ul><li>Events and terms</li>

<li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Atchalta_De'Geulah" title="Atchalta De'Geulah">Atchalta De'Geulah</a>, <a href="Gathering_of_Israel" title="Gathering of Israel">Kibbutz Galuyot</a>, <a href="Third_Temple" title="Third Temple">Third Temple</a>, <a href="War_of_Gog_and_Magog" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Gog and Magog">War of Gog and Magog</a>, <a href="Resurrection#Judaism" title="Resurrection">Resurrection of the dead</a>, <a href="World_to_come#Jewish_eschatology" title="World to come">Olam Haba</a></li></ul></div></li></ul>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EAE6FF;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;">Figures and items

<ul><li><a href="Bound_monster" title="Bound monster">Bound monster</a></li>

<li><a href="Gjallarhorn" title="Gjallarhorn">Gjallarhorn</a></li>

<li><a href="L%C3%ADf_and_L%C3%ADf%C3%BErasir" title="Líf and Lífþrasir">Líf and Lífþrasir</a></li>

<li><a href="Naglfar" title="Naglfar">Naglfar</a></li></ul>

</div>

<ul><li>Events</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Fimbulwinter" title="Fimbulwinter">Fimbulwinter</a></li>

<li><a href="Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Ragnarök</a></li>

<li><a href="V%C3%ADgr%C3%AD%C3%B0r" title="Vígríðr">Vígríðr</a></li></ul>

</div>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EAE6FF;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoist</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;">

<li><a href="Divine_Incantations_Scripture" title="Divine Incantations Scripture">Divine Incantations Scripture</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EAE6FF;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Frashokereti</a></li>

<li><a href="Saoshyant" title="Saoshyant">Saoshyant</a></li></ul>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#EAE6FF;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Inter-religious</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;">

<ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="2012_phenomenon" title="2012 phenomenon">2012 phenomenon</a></li><li><a href="Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li><li><a href="Fate_of_the_unlearned" title="Fate of the unlearned">Fate of the unlearned</a></li><li><a href="Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a></li><li><a href="Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgment</a></li><li><a href="Messianism" title="Messianism">Messianism</a> (<a href="Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a> / <a href="Messianic_Age" title="Messianic Age">Age</a>)</li><li><a href="Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">Millenarianism</a></li><li><a href="Universal_resurrection" title="Universal resurrection">Universal resurrection</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div></td>

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Apocalypticism is the <a href="Religious_belief" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious belief">religious belief</a> that the <a href="Eschatology" title="Eschatology">end of the world</a> is imminent, even within one's own lifetime.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> This belief is usually accompanied by the idea that <a href="Civilization" title="Civilization">civilization</a> will soon come to a tumultuous end due to some sort of catastrophic global event.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a>

Apocalypticism is one aspect of <a href="Eschatology" title="Eschatology">eschatology</a> in certain religions,<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> the part of <a href="Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> concerned with the final events of <a href="Human_history" title="Human history">human history</a>,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> or the ultimate destiny of humanity (<a href="Societal_collapse" title="Societal collapse">societal collapse</a>, <a href="Human_extinction" title="Human extinction">human extinction</a>, and so on).<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_apocalypticism">Religious apocalypticism</h2></div>

Religious views and movements often focus on cryptic revelations about a sudden, dramatic, and cataclysmic intervention of <a href="God" title="God">God</a> in <a href="Human_history" title="Human history">human history</a>; the judgment of humankind; the salvation of the faithful elect; and the eventual rule of the elect with God in Heaven and/or in a renewed Earth.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Arising originally in <a href="Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> apocalypticism was developed more fully in <a href="Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Judaic</a>, <a href="Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian</a>, and <a href="Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic</a> eschatological speculations.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Esoteric_aspects">Esoteric aspects</h2></div>

Apocalypticism is often conjoined with the belief that <a href="Esoteric_knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric knowledge">esoteric knowledge</a> will likely be revealed in a major confrontation between good and evil forces, destined to change the <a href="Human_history" title="Human history">course of history</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Paul_O._Ingram_1986._P._148-149-22">[22]</a> <a href="Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypses</a> can be viewed as good, evil, ambiguous or neutral, depending on the particular religion or <a href="World_view" class="mw-redirect" title="World view">belief system</a> promoting them.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> However, it is not exclusively a religious idea and there are end times or transitional scenarios based in <a href="Modern_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern science">modern science</a>, <a href="Technology" title="Technology">technology</a>, <a href="Political_discourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Political discourse">political discourse</a>, and <a href="Conspiracy_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theories">conspiracy theories</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abrahamic_religions">Abrahamic religions</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a>, <a href="Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian eschatology</a>, and <a href="Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="False_prophet#Christianity" title="False prophet">False prophet § Christianity</a>, <a href="Jesus_and_Messianic_prophecy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus and Messianic prophecy">Jesus and Messianic prophecy</a>, <a href="List_of_messiah_claimants" title="List of messiah claimants">List of messiah claimants</a>, <a href="List_of_people_who_claim_to_be_Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="List of people who claim to be Jesus Christ">List of people who claim to be Jesus Christ</a>, <a href="Predictions_and_claims_for_the_Second_Coming_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Predictions and claims for the Second Coming of Christ">Predictions and claims for the Second Coming of Christ</a>, and <a href="Unfulfilled_Christian_religious_predictions" title="Unfulfilled Christian religious predictions">Unfulfilled Christian religious predictions</a></div>

Most scholars participating in the <a href="Quest_for_the_historical_Jesus#Third_quest" title="Quest for the historical Jesus">third quest</a> for the <a href="Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">historical Jesus</a> believe that Jesus was an eschatological prophet who believed the "<a href="Kingdom_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of God">Kingdom of God</a>" was coming within his own lifetime or within the lifetime of his contemporaries.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Simultaneously, some of these scholars tend to see Jesus's predictions as mistaken<a href="#cite_note-Sanders_13-30">[30]</a> although some others view it from the perspective of the conditional nature of judgement prophecy.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> A number of interpretations of the term "Kingdom of God" have thus appeared in its <a href="Eschatology" title="Eschatology">eschatological context</a>, e.g., apocalyptic, <a href="Realized_eschatology" title="Realized eschatology">realized</a> or <a href="Inaugurated_eschatology" title="Inaugurated eschatology">inaugurated</a> eschatologies, yet no consensus has emerged among scholars.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The major focus for Jesus's eschatological teachings in the Gospels is the <a href="Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a> in <a href="Mark_13" title="Mark 13">Mark 13</a>, where "Jesus speaks as if Peter, James, and John will personally experience the <a href="Parousia" class="mw-redirect" title="Parousia">parousia</a>."<a href="#cite_note-eue-35">[35]</a> In the <a href="Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a>, the major focus for Jesus's eschatological teachings is in <a href="Matthew_24" title="Matthew 24">Matthew</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2024:36–51&version=nrsv">24:36–51</a>. Many scholars point to Jesus' association with <a href="John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> as confirmation for his apocalyptic intentions.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a>

<a href="Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> states in <a href="Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">his letters</a> to the <a href="Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christian communities</a> in <a href="Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> that he expects to be alive when the <a href="End_times" class="mw-redirect" title="End times">end of the world</a> comes, and this passage in <a href="First_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="First Epistle to the Thessalonians">1 Thessalonians</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Thessalonians%204:13–18&version=nrsv">4:13–18</a> is often cited as proof, although its interpretation is disputed.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> In contrast, other passages in the Pauline epistles are seen as describing the nearness of the parousia whether or not Paul himself will live to see it.<a href="#cite_note-eue-35">[35]</a> However, these statements find tensions with other New Testament passages, conflicting with texts which form the basis for later Christian apocalyptic theology. This includes a passage from the apocalyptic discourse of Matthew 24, where Jesus states "only the Father" knows of the hour of the coming of the <a href="Son_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Son of Man">Son of Man</a>. While later Christians favor Matthew 24 over Mark 13, modern critical scholars recognize this contradiction as evidence of shifting Christian belief. This is a shift that suggests the apocalyptic moment will occur at a later date, not in the lifetime of <a href="Apostles_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostles of Jesus">Jesus' followers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> On the other hand, <a href="N.T._Wright" class="mw-redirect" title="N.T. Wright">N.T. Wright</a> observes that Paul's eschatology develops in his later epistles, after turbulent experiences in <a href="Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a>, that he would probably not see the Second Coming in his lifetime. Wright argues that this shift was due to perspective and not belief.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a>

This view, generally known as "consistent eschatology", was influential during the early to the mid-20th century and continues to be influential today in <a href="Historicity_of_Jesus" title="Historicity of Jesus">proposed portraits of the historical Jesus</a>. However, <a href="C._H._Dodd" title="C. H. Dodd">C. H. Dodd</a> and others have insisted on a "realized eschatology", based on the belief that the <a href="Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">ministry of Jesus</a> had fulfilled prophetic hopes. Many conservative scholars have adopted the paradoxical position that the "Kingdom of God" describes a kingdom that is both "present" and "still to come", claiming Pauline eschatology as support.<a href="#cite_note-Geddert-41">[41]</a>: 208–209 <a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> While the notion of an apocalyptic Jesus remains a mainstream view among scholars, it has been challenged by proponents of other portraits. Scholars of the <a href="Jesus_Seminar" title="Jesus Seminar">Jesus Seminar</a> have rejected the historicity of Jesus' apocalyptic expectations, arguing that the evidence for it in the Gospels is largely tied to the discourses of Jesus on the "Son of Man", which they do not consider to be historical; they further attribute the apocalyptic expectations of the <a href="Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Church</a> as emerging from their belief in the <a href="Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">resurrection of Jesus</a>, where resurrection was tied to <a href="Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">eschatological expectations in Jewish theology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Some argued that the earlier traditions in the <a href="Q_Source" class="mw-redirect" title="Q Source">Q Source</a> and <a href="Gospel_of_Thomas" title="Gospel of Thomas">Gospel of Thomas</a> showed that apocalyptic eschatology was not present in earlier layers of the Jesus tradition.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The approach by the Jesus Seminar is not short of many critics.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a>

Recent scholarship has re-evaluated the apocalyptic ideas in the early Christian gospels not as a literal timetable or prediction of the end times, but as relating to the <a href="Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70_CE)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)">destruction of the Jewish Temple</a> in 70 AD, and the wider cosmic importance that the Temple had for Jews that would warrant apocalyptic language among <a href="Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">diasporic Jewish communities</a> in the <a href="Jews_in_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in the Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Green,_J.B._2018-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> For ancient Jews, the Temple was treated as a symbolic or even literal meeting point between Heaven and Earth, thereby its destruction would have wider cosmic consequences. Similarly, apocalyptic language was used throughout the <a href="Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> to describe political and historical catastrophes, and not the end of the world.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Thus, scholars such as <a href="R.T._France" class="mw-redirect" title="R.T. France">R.T. France</a> and <a href="N.T._Wright" class="mw-redirect" title="N.T. Wright">N.T. Wright</a> argue that the Gospels use apocalyptic language borrowed from the <a href="Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> to describe the destruction of the Temple in 70 AD, and passages such as <a href="Mark_13" title="Mark 13">Mark</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2013:26&version=nrsv">13:26</a> concerning the "coming" of the Son of Man (as described in <a href="Daniel_7" title="Daniel 7">Daniel 7</a>) are not about the <a href="Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a>, but rather about the vindication and enthronement of the Son of Man at the <a href="Right_Hand_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Right Hand of God">Right Hand of God</a>, where he is bestowed new authority with the Temple's destruction.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> This interpretation goes back to the 18th-century scholar <a href="John_Gill_(theologian)" title="John Gill (theologian)">John Gill</a> that the "coming of the Son of Man" sayings in <a href="Matthew_24" title="Matthew 24">Matthew 24</a>, for example, were allegory for God's judgement on the Jews for <a href="Rejection_of_Jesus" title="Rejection of Jesus">their rejection of Jesus as the Messiah</a> and not his Second Coming, which is instead the subject in <a href="Matthew_25" title="Matthew 25">Matthew 25</a> for the far future.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Wright argues specifically that the apocalyptic imagery in Mark 13 was written as a vindication of Jesus, since "in some sense he is himself seen by the evangelists as the true temple."<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Similarly, these and other scholars argue for a "now and not yet" approach to the Kingdom of God in the Gospels and Pauline epistles.<a href="#cite_note-Green,_J.B._2018-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a>

Various Christian eschatological systems have developed among different <a href="Christian_denominations" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian denominations">Christian denominations</a> throughout the <a href="History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">history of Christianity</a>, providing different frameworks for understanding the timing and nature of apocalyptic predictions.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Some like <a href="Dispensational_premillennialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dispensational premillennialism">dispensational premillennialism</a> tend more toward an apocalyptic vision, while others like <a href="Postmillennialism" title="Postmillennialism">postmillennialism</a> and <a href="Amillennialism" title="Amillennialism">amillennialism</a>, while teaching that the end of the world could come at any moment, tend to focus on the present life and contend that one should not attempt to predict when the end should come, though there have been exceptions such as postmillennialist <a href="Jonathan_Edwards_(theologian)" title="Jonathan Edwards (theologian)">Jonathan Edwards</a>, who estimated that the end times would occur around the year 2000.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="List_of_dates_predicted_for_apocalyptic_events" title="List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events">List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events</a></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Early_Middle_Ages#Europe_in_1000" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages § Europe in 1000</a></div>

There is no current consensus among historians about widespread apocalypticism in the <a href="Year_1000" class="mw-redirect" title="Year 1000">year 1000</a>. Richard Landes, Johannes Fried, and others think there were widespread expectations, both hopes and fears.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> The notion of a widespread expectation of the year 1000 first appeared during the Renaissance.<a href="#cite_note-:0-63">[63]</a> Historians denounced it as a myth around 1900.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a>

There are many recorded instances of both fascination with the advent of the year 1000, and examples of apocalyptic excitement leading up to the year 1000, the most explicit and revealing examples provided by <a href="Rodulfus_Glaber" title="Rodulfus Glaber">Rodulfus Glaber</a>.

Specifically in Western Europe, during the year 1000, Christian philosophers held many debates on when Jesus was actually born and the debates continue to today.<a href="#cite_note-Castro_Contributor_2014-66">[66]</a> This caused confusion between the common people on whether or not the apocalypse would occur at a certain time. Because both literate and illiterate people commonly accepted this idea of the apocalypse, they could only accept what they heard from religious leaders on when the disastrous event would occur. Religious leader <a href="Abbo_of_Fleury" title="Abbo of Fleury">Abbo of Fleury</a> believed that Jesus was born 21 years after year 1 which was commonly accepted by close circles of his followers. Abbot <a href="Heriger_of_Lobbes" title="Heriger of Lobbes">Heriger of Lobbes</a>, argued that the birth of Jesus occurred not during the year 1 but rather during the 42nd year of the common era. Eventually many scholars came to accept that the apocalypse would occur sometime between 979–1042.<a href="#cite_note-Mario1000-67">[67]</a> Under the influence of the <a href="Sibylline_Oracles" title="Sibylline Oracles">Sibylline Oracles</a> and figures such as <a href="Otto_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto III">Otto III</a> and Abbot <a href="Adso_of_Montier-en-Der" title="Adso of Montier-en-Der">Adso of Montier-en-Der</a> many felt that the apocalypse would soon occur.

Some historians, such as <a href="Richard_Landes" title="Richard Landes">Richard Landes</a>, think there were extensive apocalyptic expectations at the approach of the year 1000 and again at the approach of 1000 anno passionis (1033).<a href="#cite_note-JSTORapoc1-68">[68]</a> <a href="Alessandro_Barbero" title="Alessandro Barbero">Alessandro Barbero</a>, on the other hand, claims that the fear of the year 1000 is a myth and there was no widespread apocalyptic sentiment. As evidence, he cites that on 31 December 999 Pope <a href="Pope_Sylvester_II" title="Pope Sylvester II">Sylvester II</a> granted certain privileges and guarantees to the <a href="Princely_Abbey_of_Fulda" title="Princely Abbey of Fulda">Abbey of Fulda</a>, without any indication that either the pope or the abbot believed that the world was soon to end. Similarly, Barbero points out a document from 3 October 999 in which <a href="Otto_III%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto III</a> grants future concessions to <a href="Farfa_Abbey" title="Farfa Abbey">Farfa Abbey</a>. Another document in 999 shows two brothers taking a 29-year loan on lands of the abbey of San Marciano in Tortona, suggesting that even common people did not believe the world was ending.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> On the other hand, the fact that Otto III visited the tomb of Charlemagne, the emperor of the year 6000 (Annus Mundi) on Pentecost of the year 1000 suggests that even the man who appointed Sylvester pope, had his own views on the matter.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fifth_Monarchy_Men">Fifth Monarchy Men</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Fifth_Monarchists" title="Fifth Monarchists">Fifth Monarchists</a></div>

The Fifth Monarchists or Fifth Monarchy Men were an extreme <a href="Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritan</a> sect<a href="#cite_note-vecono-72">[72]</a> active from 1649 to 1660 during the <a href="Interregnum_(England)" title="Interregnum (England)">Interregnum</a>, following the <a href="English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil Wars</a> of the 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> They took their name from a prophecy in the <a href="Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Book of Daniel</a> that <a href="Four_monarchies" class="mw-redirect" title="Four monarchies">four ancient monarchies</a> (Babylonian, Persian, Macedonian, and Roman) would precede the kingdom of <a href="Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a>. They also referred to the year 1666 and its relationship to the biblical <a href="Number_of_the_beast" title="Number of the beast">Number of the Beast</a> indicating the end of earthly rule by carnal human beings. They were one of a number of <a href="Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">nonconformist</a> <a href="English_Dissenters" title="English Dissenters">dissenting groups</a> that emerged around this time.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Isaac_Newton_and_the_end_of_the_world_in_2060">Isaac Newton and the end of the world in 2060</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Isaac_Newton's_occult_studies" title="Isaac Newton's occult studies">Isaac Newton's occult studies</a></div>

In late February and early March 2003, a large amount of media attention circulated around the globe regarding largely unknown and unpublished documents, evidently written by Isaac Newton, indicating that he believed the world would end no earlier than 2060. The story garnered vast amounts of public interest and found its way onto the front page of several widely distributed newspapers, including the UK's <a href="The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>, Canada's <a href="National_Post" title="National Post">National Post</a>, and Israel's <a href="Maariv" title="Maariv">Maariv</a> and <a href="Yediot_Aharonot" class="mw-redirect" title="Yediot Aharonot">Yediot Aharonot</a>, and was also featured in an article in the scientific journal <a href="Canadian_Journal_of_History" title="Canadian Journal of History">Canadian Journal of History</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Snobelen-74">[74]</a>

The two documents detailing this prediction are currently housed within the Jewish National and University Library in Jerusalem.<a href="#cite_note-Snobelen-74">[74]</a> Both were believed to be written toward the end of Newton's life, circa 1705, a time frame most notably established by the use of the full title of Sir Isaac Newton within portions of the documents.

These documents do not appear to have been written with the intention of publication and Newton expressed a strong personal dislike for individuals who provided specific dates for the <a href="Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a> purely for sensational value. Furthermore, he at no time provides a specific date for the end of the world in either of these documents.<a href="#cite_note-Snobelen-74">[74]</a> See <a href="Isaac_Newton's_religious_views" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaac Newton's religious views">Isaac Newton's religious views</a> for more details.

The first document, part of the Yahuda collection,<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> is a small letter slip, on the back of which is written haphazardly in Newton's hand:

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote">

Prop. 1. The 2300 prophetick days did not commence before the rise of the little horn of the He Goat.

2 Those day [<a href="Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] did not commence a[f]ter the destruction of Jerusalem & ye Temple by the Romans A.[D.] 70.

3 The time times & half a time did not commence before the year 800 in wch the Popes supremacy commenced

4 They did not commence after the re[ig]ne of <a href="Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Gregory the 7th</a>. 1084

5 The 1290 days did not commence b[e]fore the year 842.

6 They did not commence after the reigne of Pope Greg. 7th. 1084

7 The diffence [<a href="Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] between the 1290 & 1335 days are a parts of the seven weeks.

Therefore the 2300 years do not end before ye year 2132 nor after 2370.

The time times & half time do n[o]t end before 2060 nor after [2344]

The 1290 days do not begin [this should read: end] before 2090 nor after 1374 [sic; Newton probably

means 2374]<a href="#cite_note-Snobelen-74">[74]</a>

</blockquote>

The second reference to the 2060 prediction can be found in a folio,<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> in which Newton writes:

<blockquote class="templatequote">So then the time times & half a time are 42 months or 1260 days or three years & an half, recconing twelve months to a yeare & 30 days to a month as was done in the Calendar of the primitive year. And the days of short lived Beasts being put for the years of lived [sic for "long lived"] kingdoms, the period of 1260 days, if dated from the complete conquest of the three kings A.C. 800, will end A.C. 2060. It may end later, but I see no reason for its ending sooner. This I mention not to assert when the time of the end shall be, but to put a stop to the rash conjectures of fancifull men who are frequently predicting the time of the end, & by doing so bring the sacred prophesies into discredit as often as their predictions fail. Christ comes as a thief in the night, & it is not for us to know the times & seasons wch God hath put into his own breast.<a href="#cite_note-Snobelen-74">[74]</a></blockquote>

Newton may not have been referring to the post 2060 event as a destructive act resulting in the annihilation of the globe and its inhabitants, but rather one in which he believed the world, as he saw it, was to be replaced with a new one based upon a transition to an era of divinely inspired peace. In Christian and <a href="Islamic_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theology">Islamic theology</a> this concept is often referred to as The <a href="Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a> of <a href="Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a> and the establishment of the Kingdom of God on Earth. In a separate manuscript,<a href="#cite_note-Snobelen_2001_pp._95-118-77">[77]</a> Isaac Newton paraphrases Revelation 21 and 22 and relates the post 2060 events by writing:

<blockquote class="templatequote">A new heaven & new earth. New Jerusalem comes down from heaven prepared as a Bride adorned for her husband. The marriage supper. God dwells with men wipes away all tears from their eyes, gives them of ye fountain of living water & creates all thin things new saying, It is done. The glory & felicity of the New Jerusalem is represented by a building of Gold & Gemms enlightened by the glory of God & ye <a href="Lamb_of_God" title="Lamb of God">Lamb</a> & watered by ye river of Paradise on ye banks of which grows the <a href="Tree_of_life#Christianity" title="Tree of life">tree of life</a>. Into this city the kings of the earth do bring their glory & that of the nations & the saints reign for ever & ever.<a href="#cite_note-Snobelen-74">[74]</a>

</blockquote>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Millerism_and_The_Great_Disappointment">Millerism and The Great Disappointment</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="Great_Disappointment" title="Great Disappointment">Great Disappointment</a> and <a href="Millerism" title="Millerism">Millerism</a></div>

The Great Disappointment in the <a href="Millerites" class="mw-redirect" title="Millerites">Millerite movement</a> was the reaction that followed <a href="Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a> preacher <a href="William_Miller_(preacher)" title="William Miller (preacher)">William Miller</a>'s proclamations that <a href="Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus Christ</a> would return to the Earth by 1844, what he called the <a href="Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a>. His study of the <a href="Daniel_8" title="Daniel 8">Daniel 8</a> prophecy during the <a href="Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a> led him to the conclusion that Daniel's "cleansing of the sanctuary" was cleansing of the world from sin when Christ would come, and he and many others prepared, but October 22, 1844 came and they were disappointed.<a href="#cite_note-news.adventist.org-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-pbs.orgmillerite-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-amazingdiscoveries.org-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-adventistreview.org-81">[81]</a>

These events paved the way for the <a href="Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventists</a> who formed the <a href="Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a>. They contended that what had happened on October 22 was not Jesus's return, as Miller had thought, but the start of Jesus's final work of atonement, the cleansing in the <a href="Heavenly_sanctuary" title="Heavenly sanctuary">heavenly sanctuary</a>, leading up to the <a href="Second_Coming_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Coming of Christ">Second Coming of Christ</a>.<a href="#cite_note-news.adventist.org-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-pbs.orgmillerite-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-amazingdiscoveries.org-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-adventistreview.org-81">[81]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Seventh-day_Adventism">Seventh-day Adventism</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Seventh-day_Adventist_eschatology" title="Seventh-day Adventist eschatology">Seventh-day Adventist eschatology</a></div>

The ideological descendants of the Millerites are the <a href="Seventh-day_Adventists" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh-day Adventists">Seventh-day Adventists</a>. They are a <a href="Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <a href="Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Christian denomination</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> which is distinguished by its observance of <a href="Saturday" title="Saturday">Saturday</a>,<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> the seventh <a href="Day_of_the_week" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of the week">day of the week</a> in both the <a href="Jewish_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish calendar">Jewish calendar</a>, and calendars in use in the Christian world (such as the <a href="Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>), as the <a href="Sabbath_in_seventh-day_churches" title="Sabbath in seventh-day churches">Sabbath</a>, and its emphasis on the imminent <a href="Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a> (advent) of Jesus Christ. The denomination grew out of the <a href="Millerism" title="Millerism">Millerite movement</a> in the United States during the mid-19th century and it was formally established in 1863.<a href="#cite_note-webhistory-84">[84]</a> Among its founders was <a href="Ellen_G._White" title="Ellen G. White">Ellen G. White</a>, whose <a href="List_of_Ellen_G._White_writings" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ellen G. White writings">extensive writings</a> are still held in high regard by the adherents of the Seventh-day Adventist Church.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mormonism">Mormonism</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="Mormon_cosmology" title="Mormon cosmology">Mormon cosmology</a>, <a href="Second_Coming_in_Mormonism" title="Second Coming in Mormonism">Second Coming in Mormonism</a>, and <a href="Apocalyptic_beliefs_among_Latter-day_Saints" title="Apocalyptic beliefs among Latter-day Saints">Apocalyptic beliefs among Latter-day Saints</a></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="List_of_prophecies_of_Joseph_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="List of prophecies of Joseph Smith">List of prophecies of Joseph Smith</a> and <a href="Revelation_in_Mormonism" title="Revelation in Mormonism">Revelation in Mormonism</a></div>

Like many 19th-century American <a href="Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a> <a href="Christian_denominations" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian denominations">Christian denominations</a>, the <a href="Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormon tradition</a> teaches that adherents are living shortly before the Second Coming of Christ.<a href="#cite_note-Mormon_Millenarian-86">[86]</a> The term "latter days" is used in the official names of several Mormon churches, including <a href="The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a>. LDS president <a href="Wilford_Woodruff" title="Wilford Woodruff">Wilford Woodruff</a> preached multiple times that many then-living adherents "would not taste death" before witnessing the return of Christ.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> According to LDS Church teachings, the true <a href="Gospel" title="Gospel">gospel</a> will be taught in all parts of the world prior to the Second Coming.<a href="#cite_note-Matthew_24:14-88">[88]</a> Church members believe that there will be increasingly severe wars, earthquakes, hurricanes, and other man-made and natural disasters prior to the Second Coming.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jehovah's_Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Jehovah's_Witnesses_beliefs" title="Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs">Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs</a></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Eschatology_of_Jehovah's_Witnesses" title="Eschatology of Jehovah's Witnesses">Eschatology of Jehovah's Witnesses</a> and <a href="Unfulfilled_Watch_Tower_Society_predictions" title="Unfulfilled Watch Tower Society predictions">Unfulfilled Watch Tower Society predictions</a></div>

The <a href="Eschatology_of_Jehovah's_Witnesses" title="Eschatology of Jehovah's Witnesses">eschatology of Jehovah's Witnesses</a> is central to <a href="Jehovah's_Witnesses_beliefs" title="Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs">their faith and religious beliefs</a>. They believe that Jesus Christ has been ruling in heaven as king since 1914 (a date they believe was prophesied in Scripture), and that after that time a period of cleansing occurred, resulting in God's selection of the <a href="Bible_Student_movement" title="Bible Student movement">Bible Students</a> associated with <a href="Charles_Taze_Russell" title="Charles Taze Russell">Charles Taze Russell</a> to be his people in 1919. They also believe the destruction of those who reject their message<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> and thus willfully refuse to obey God<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> will shortly take place at <a href="Armageddon#Jehovah.27s_Witnesses" title="Armageddon">Armageddon</a>, ensuring that the beginning of the new earthly society will be composed of willing subjects of that kingdom.

The group's doctrines surrounding 1914 are the legacy of a series of emphatic claims regarding the years 1799,<a href="#cite_note-indisputableJEHOVAH-93">[93]</a> 1874,<a href="#cite_note-indisputableJEHOVAH-93">[93]</a> 1878,<a href="#cite_note-OurFaith1875JEHOVAH-94">[94]</a> 1914,<a href="#cite_note-TheWatchtowerJEHOVAH-95">[95]</a> 1918<a href="#cite_note-SeptemberJEHOVAH-96">[96]</a> and 1925<a href="#cite_note-MillionsNowJEHOVAH-97">[97]</a> made in the <a href="Watch_Tower_Bible_and_Tract_Society_of_Pennsylvania" title="Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania">Watch Tower Society's</a> publications between 1879 and 1924. Claims about the significance of those years, including the presence of Jesus Christ, the beginning of the "<a href="Eschatology" title="Eschatology">last days</a>", the destruction of worldly governments and the earthly resurrection of Jewish patriarchs, were successively abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> In 1922 the society's principal journal, <a href="The_Watchtower" title="The Watchtower">Watch Tower</a>, described its chronology as "no stronger than its weakest link", but also claimed the chronological relationships to be "of divine origin and divinely corroborated...in a class by itself, absolutely and unqualifiedly correct"<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> and "indisputable facts",<a href="#cite_note-indisputableJEHOVAH-93">[93]</a> while repudiation of Russell's teachings was described as "equivalent to a repudiation of the Lord".<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a>

The Watch Tower Society has stated that its early leaders promoted "incomplete, even inaccurate concepts".<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> The <a href="Governing_Body_of_Jehovah's_Witnesses" title="Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses">Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses</a> says that, unlike <a href="Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> <a href="Prophet#Judaism" title="Prophet">prophets</a>, its interpretations of the <a href="Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> are not <a href="Biblical_inspiration" title="Biblical inspiration">inspired</a> or <a href="Biblical_infallibility" title="Biblical infallibility">infallible</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <a href="Jehovah's_Witnesses_publications" title="Jehovah's Witnesses publications">Witness publications</a> say that Bible prophecies can be fully understood only after their fulfillment, citing examples of biblical figures who did not understand the meaning of prophecies they received. Watch Tower publications often cite Proverbs 4:18, "The path of the righteous ones is like the bright light that is getting lighter and lighter until the day is firmly established" (<a href="New_World_Translation_of_the_Holy_Scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures">NWT</a>) to support their view that there would be an increase in knowledge during "the time of the end", as mentioned in Daniel 12:4. Jehovah's Witnesses state that this increase in knowledge needs adjustments. Watch Tower publications also say that unfulfilled expectations are partly due to eagerness for <a href="God's_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="God's Kingdom">God's Kingdom</a> and that they do not call <a href="Jehovah's_Witnesses_beliefs" title="Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs">their core beliefs</a> into question.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></div>

For Christadelphians, <a href="Armageddon" title="Armageddon">Armageddon</a> marks the "great climax of history when the nations would be gathered together "into a place called in the Hebrew tongue <a href="Tel_Megiddo" title="Tel Megiddo">Armageddon</a>", and the judgment on them would herald the setting up of the Kingdom of God."<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> After this Christadelphians believe that Jesus will return to the earth in person to set up the Kingdom of God in fulfilment of the promises made to <a href="Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> and <a href="David_(biblical_king)" class="mw-redirect" title="David (biblical king)">David</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> This includes the belief that the coming Kingdom will be the restoration of God's first Kingdom of Israel, which was under David and Solomon.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hughesdelph-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-Owendelph-113">[113]</a> For Christadelphians, this is the focal point of the <a href="Gospel" title="Gospel">gospel</a> taught by Jesus and the <a href="Twelve_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve Apostles">apostles</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Realized_eschatology">Realized eschatology</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Realized_eschatology" title="Realized eschatology">Realized eschatology</a></div>

Realized eschatology is a <a href="Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian eschatological theory</a> popularized by <a href="J._A._T._Robinson" class="mw-redirect" title="J. A. T. Robinson">J. A. T. Robinson</a>, <a href="Joachim_Jeremias" title="Joachim Jeremias">Joachim Jeremias</a>, <a href="Ethelbert_Stauffer" title="Ethelbert Stauffer">Ethelbert Stauffer</a> (1902–1979),<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> and

<a href="C._H._Dodd" title="C. H. Dodd">C. H. Dodd</a> (1884–1973), that holds that the eschatological passages in the <a href="New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> do not refer to the future, but instead refer to the <a href="Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">ministry of Jesus</a> and his lasting legacy.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> <a href="Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatology</a> is therefore not the end of the world but its rebirth instituted by Jesus and continued by <a href="Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">his disciples</a>, a historical (rather than <a href="Transhistorical" class="mw-redirect" title="Transhistorical">transhistorical</a>) phenomenon. Those holding this view generally dismiss end times theories, believing them to be irrelevant; they hold that what Jesus said and did, and told his disciples to do likewise, are of greater significance than any <a href="Messiah" title="Messiah">messianic</a> expectations.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Harold_Camping">Harold Camping</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="2011_end_times_prediction" title="2011 end times prediction">2011 end times prediction</a></div>

American Christian radio host <a href="Harold_Camping" title="Harold Camping">Harold Camping</a> stated that the <a href="Rapture" title="Rapture">Rapture</a> and <a href="Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Judgment Day</a> would take place on May 21, 2011,<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> and that the end of the world would take place five months later on October 21, 2011, based on adding the 153 fish of John 20 to May 21.<a href="#cite_note-Harold_Camping:_End-Time_Scenario-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-121">[121]</a> The Rapture, as indicated in 1 Thessalonians 4:17 (harpagēsometha 'we shall be raptured/taken up', rapture derivable from the Latin translation rapiemur) is the taking up of believers to a meeting in the air with the Lord Jesus, but for Camping the rapture was also associated with the End of the World.<a href="#cite_note-Harold_Camping:_End-Time_Scenario-120">[120]</a>

Camping, who was then president of the <a href="Family_Radio" title="Family Radio">Family Radio</a> Christian network, claimed the Bible as his source and said May 21 would be the date of the Rapture and the day of judgment "beyond the shadow of a doubt".<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Camping suggested that it would occur at 6 pm local time, with the Rapture sweeping the globe time zone by time zone,<a href="#cite_note-Amira-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> while some of his supporters claimed that around 200 million people (approximately 3% of the world's population) would be raptured.<a href="#cite_note-JudgmentDay32-125">[125]</a> Camping had previously claimed that the Rapture would occur in September 1994.

The vast majority of Christian groups, including most Protestant and Catholic believers, did not accept Camping's predictions;<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> some explicitly rejected them,<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> citing Bible passages including the words of Jesus stating "about that day or hour no one knows" (Matthew 24:36). An interview with a group of church leaders noted that all of them had scheduled church services as usual for Sunday, May 22.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a>

Following the failure of the prediction, media attention shifted to the response from Camping and his followers. On May 23, Camping stated that May 21 had been a "spiritual" day of judgment, and that the physical Rapture would occur on October 21, 2011, simultaneously with the destruction of the universe by God.<a href="#cite_note-G&M-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-133">[133]</a> However, on October 16, Camping admitted to an interviewer that he did not know when the end would come.<a href="#cite_note-retire-134">[134]</a>

In March 2012, Camping "humbly acknowledged" in a letter to Family Radio listeners that he had been mistaken, that the attempt to predict a date was "sinful", and that critics had been right in pointing to the scriptural text "of that day and hour knoweth no man". He added that he was searching the Bible "even more fervently [...] not to find dates, but to be more faithful in our understanding."<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="David_Meade">David Meade</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="David_Meade_(author)" title="David Meade (author)">David Meade (author)</a></div>

David Meade is the pen name of an American end-times <a href="Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">conspiracy theorist</a> and book author who has yet to disclose his real name. Meade, who describes himself as a "Christian <a href="Numerologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Numerologist">numerologist</a>",<a href="#cite_note-Guarino2-136">[136]</a> claims to have attended the <a href="University_of_Louisville" title="University of Louisville">University of Louisville</a>, where he "studied astronomy, among other subjects",<a href="#cite_note-washingtonpostmeade2-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-glum2-138">[138]</a> but, because his real name is unknown, <a href="The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> reported that the university could not confirm whether he had ever been a student there.<a href="#cite_note-washingtonpostmeade2-137">[137]</a> He is also a writer, researcher and investigator who has written and self-published at least 13 books.<a href="#cite_note-washingtonpostmeade2-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> He made appearances and interviews on <a href="Coast_to_Coast_AM" title="Coast to Coast AM">Coast to Coast AM</a>, The Washington Post, <a href="Glenn_Beck_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Glenn Beck Program">Glenn Beck Program</a>, <a href="YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> with pastor Paul Begley, and the <a href="Daily_Express" title="Daily Express">Daily Express</a>. He is best known for making numerous predictions, which have passed, regarding the end times, including that a hidden planet named <a href="Nibiru_cataclysm" title="Nibiru cataclysm">Nibiru</a> (sometimes known as Planet X) would destroy the <a href="Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>.

Meade predicted that planet Nibiru would collide with Earth on September 23, 2017, destroying it.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> After his prediction failed, he revised the apocalypse to October, where he stated that the seven-year <a href="Great_Tribulation" title="Great Tribulation">tribulation</a> would possibly start followed by a <a href="Millennialism" title="Millennialism">millennium</a> of peace.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> In 2018, Meade again made several predictions for that year, for instance, that <a href="North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> becoming a superpower in March 2018 and that Nibiru would destroy the Earth in spring. Meade announced that the apocalypse would begin in March 2018, but he did not predict the exact date. After March 2018 passed, he moved the apocalypse to April 23, 2018, in which he also predicted the <a href="Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>, <a href="Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>, <a href="Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>, and <a href="Virgo_(constellation)" title="Virgo (constellation)">Virgo</a> will signal the rapture, and that Nibiru would destroy the Earth that day.<a href="#cite_note-Nzheraldmeade2-142">[142]</a> However, before that date he said that reports that he predicted the end on 23 April were "fake news", but that the rapture—but not the end of the world—would take place on an unspecified date between May and December 2018.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Branch_Davidians">Branch Davidians</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Branch_Davidians" title="Branch Davidians">Branch Davidians</a></div>

The Branch Davidians (also known as The Branch) are a religious group that originated in 1955 from a <a href="Schism_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Schism (religion)">schism</a> among the <a href="Shepherd's_Rod" title="Shepherd's Rod">Shepherd's Rod/Davidians</a>. The Branch group was initially led by <a href="Benjamin_Roden" title="Benjamin Roden">Benjamin Roden</a>. Branch Davidians are most associated with the <a href="Waco_siege" title="Waco siege">Waco siege</a> of 1993, which involved <a href="David_Koresh" title="David Koresh">David Koresh</a>. There is documented evidence (FBI negotiation transcripts between Kathryn Shroeder and Steve Schneider with interjections from Koresh himself) that David Koresh and his followers did not call themselves Branch Davidians.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> In addition, David Koresh, through forgery, stole the identity of the Branch Davidian Seventh-day Adventists for the purpose of obtaining the Mount Carmel Center property.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> The doctrinal beliefs of the Branch Davidians differ on teachings such as the <a href="Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a> and his nature, and the feast days and their requirements. Both groups have disputed the relevance of the other's spiritual authority based on the proceedings following <a href="Victor_Houteff" title="Victor Houteff">Victor Houteff</a>'s death. From its inception in 1930, the Davidians/Shepherd's Rod group believed themselves to be living in a time when biblical prophecies of a final divine judgment were coming to pass as a prelude to Christ's <a href="Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a>.

In the late 1980s, Koresh and his followers abandoned many Branch Davidian teachings. Koresh became the group's self-proclaimed final prophet. "Koreshians" were the majority resulting from the schism among the Branch Davidians, but some of the Branch Davidians did not join Koresh's group and instead gathered around <a href="George_Roden" title="George Roden">George Roden</a> or became independent. Following a series of violent shootouts between Roden's and Koresh's group, the Mount Carmel compound was eventually taken over by the "Koreshians". In 1993, the <a href="Bureau_of_Alcohol%2C_Tobacco%2C_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">ATF</a> and <a href="Texas_Army_National_Guard" title="Texas Army National Guard">Texas Army National Guard</a> raided one of the properties belonging to a <a href="New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">new religious movement</a> centered around David Koresh that evolved from the Branch Davidians for suspected weapons violations. It is unknown who shot first, but the ATF surrounded and tried to invade the home of the Branch Davidians. This raid resulted in a two-hour firefight in which four ATF agents were killed; this was followed by <a href="Waco_siege#Siege" title="Waco siege">a standoff with government agents</a> that lasted for 51 days. The siege ended in a fire that engulfed the Mount Carmel compound which led to the deaths of 76 Branch Davidians inside.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic eschatology</a></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Al-Masih_ad-Dajjal" title="Al-Masih ad-Dajjal">Al-Masih ad-Dajjal</a>, <a href="False_prophet#Islam" title="False prophet">False prophet § Islam</a>, <a href="Occultation_(Islam)" title="Occultation (Islam)">Occultation (Islam)</a>, and <a href="Signs_of_the_appearance_of_Mahdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Signs of the appearance of Mahdi">Signs of the appearance of Mahdi</a></div>

<a href="Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic eschatology</a> is the aspect of <a href="Islamic_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theology">Islamic theology</a> concerning ideas of life after death, matters of the soul, and the "Day of Judgement," known as Yawm al-Qiyāmah (<a href="Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: يوم القيامة, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">

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</style>IPA: [jawmu‿l.qijaːma], "the Day of Resurrection") or <a href="Yawmuddin" class="mw-redirect" title="Yawmuddin">Yawm ad-Dīn</a> (يوم الدين, Arabic pronunciation: [jawmu‿d.diːn], "the Day of Judgment"). The Day of Judgement is characterized by the annihilation of all life, which will then be followed by the <a href="Resurrection_of_the_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of the dead">resurrection of the dead</a> and judgment by <a href="God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a>. It is not specified when al-Qiyamah will happen, but according to <a href="Prophecy" title="Prophecy">prophecy</a> elaborated by <a href="Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a> literature, there are major and minor signs that will foretell its coming.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Multiple verses in the <a href="Quran" title="Quran">Qur'an</a> mention the <a href="Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EoQ2ISLAM-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-EoI2ISLAM-150">[150]</a>

The main subject of Surat <a href="Al-Qiyama" title="Al-Qiyama">al-Qiyama</a> is the resurrection. The <a href="Great_Tribulation" title="Great Tribulation">Great Tribulation</a> is described in the <a href="Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a> and commentaries of the <a href="Ulama" title="Ulama">ulama</a>, including <a href="Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a>, <a href="Ibn_Kathir" title="Ibn Kathir">Ibn Kathir</a>, <a href="Ibn_Majah" title="Ibn Majah">Ibn Majah</a>, <a href="Muhammad_al-Bukhari" title="Muhammad al-Bukhari">Muhammad al-Bukhari</a>, and <a href="Ibn_Khuzaymah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Khuzaymah">Ibn Khuzaymah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EoI2ISLAM-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cite_quran|74|38|s=ns2-151">[151]</a> The Day of Judgment is also known as the Day of Reckoning, the Last Day, and the Hour (al-sā'ah).<a href="#cite_note-cite_quran|71|18|s=ns3-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-cite_quran|31|34|s=ns3-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-cite_quran|74|47|s=ns3-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-cite_quran|2|8|s=ns3-155">[155]</a>

Unlike the Quran, the hadith contains several events, happening before the Day of Judgment, which are described as several minor signs and twelve major signs. During this period, terrible corruption and chaos would rule the earth, caused by the <a href="Masih_ad-Dajjal" class="mw-redirect" title="Masih ad-Dajjal">Masih ad-Dajjal</a> (the Antichrist in Islam), then <a href="Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Jesus</a> will appear, defeating the Dajjal and establish a period of peace, liberating the world from cruelty. These events will be followed by a time of serenity when people live according to religious values.<a href="#cite_note-Mahdi13ISLAM-156">[156]</a>

Similarly to other <a href="Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a>, Islam teaches that there will be a <a href="Resurrection_of_the_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of the dead">resurrection of the dead</a> that will be followed by a final tribulation and eternal division of the righteous and wicked.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> Islamic apocalyptic literature describing <a href="Armageddon" title="Armageddon">Armageddon</a> is often known as <a href="Fitna_(word)" title="Fitna (word)">fitna</a>, <a href="Al-Malhama_Al-Kubra" title="Al-Malhama Al-Kubra">Al-Malhama Al-Kubra</a> (The Great Massacre) or ghaybah in Shī'a Islam. The righteous are rewarded with the pleasures of <a href="Jannah" title="Jannah">Jannah</a> (Paradise), while the unrighteous are punished in <a href="Jahannam" title="Jahannam">Jahannam</a> (Hell).

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish eschatology</a></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="False_prophet#Judaism" title="False prophet">False prophet § Judaism</a>, and <a href="List_of_Jewish_messiah_claimants" title="List of Jewish messiah claimants">List of Jewish messiah claimants</a></div>

<a href="Moses_of_Crete" title="Moses of Crete">Moses of Crete</a>, a rabbi in the 5th century, claimed to be the <a href="Jewish_Messiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Messiah">Jewish Messiah</a> and promised to lead the people, like the ancient <a href="Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>, through a parted sea back to <a href="Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>. His followers left their possessions and waited for the promised day, when, at his command, many cast themselves into the sea, some finding death, others being rescued by sailors.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_Norse_religion">Ancient Norse religion</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Ancient_Norse_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Norse religion">Ancient Norse religion</a></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a> and <a href="Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Ragnarök</a></div>

<a href="Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Ragnarök</a> is an important eschatological event in the <a href="Ancient_Norse_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Norse religion">Ancient Norse religion</a> and its <a href="Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">mythology</a>, and has been the subject of scholarly discourse and theory in the history of <a href="Germanic_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic studies">Germanic studies</a> and is attested primarily in the <a href="Poetic_Edda" title="Poetic Edda">Poetic Edda</a>, compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources and the <a href="Prose_Edda" title="Prose Edda">Prose Edda</a>, composed in the 13th century by the Icelandic scholar, <a href="Lawspeaker" title="Lawspeaker">lawspeaker</a>, and historian <a href="Snorri_Sturluson" title="Snorri Sturluson">Snorri Sturluson</a>. In the Prose Edda and in a single poem in the <a href="Poetic_Edda" title="Poetic Edda">Poetic Edda</a>, the event is referred to as Ragnarök or Ragnarøkkr (<a href="Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">Old Norse</a> for 'Fate of the Gods' / 'Twilight of the Gods', respectively), a usage popularised by 19th-century composer <a href="Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a> with the title of the last of his <a href="Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen">Der Ring des Nibelungen</a> operas, <a href="G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung" title="Götterdämmerung">Götterdämmerung</a> (1876), which is "Twilight of the Gods" in German. There are various theories and interpretations of Ragnarök.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cyclic_time_and_Hoddmímis_holt">Cyclic time and Hoddmímis holt</h3></div>

<a href="Rudolf_Simek" title="Rudolf Simek">Rudolf Simek</a> theorizes that the survival of Líf and Lífþrasir at the end of Ragnarök is "a case of reduplication of the <a href="Anthropogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropogeny">anthropogeny</a>, understandable from the <a href="Cyclic_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclic time">cyclic nature</a> of the Eddic <a href="Eschatology" title="Eschatology">eschatology</a>". Simek says that Hoddmímis holt "should not be understood literally as a wood or even a forest in which the two keep themselves hidden, but rather as an alternative name for the world-tree Yggdrasill. Thus, the creation of mankind from tree trunks (<a href="Ask_and_Embla" title="Ask and Embla">Askr, Embla</a>) is repeated after the Ragnarök as well". Simek says that in <a href="Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic regions</a>, the concept of mankind originating from trees is ancient, and additionally points out legendary parallels in a <a href="Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavarian</a> legend of a <a href="Shepherd" title="Shepherd">shepherd</a> who lives inside a tree, whose descendants repopulate the land after life there has been wiped out by plague (citing a retelling by F. R. Schröder). In addition, Simek points to an Old Norse parallel in the figure of <a href="%C3%96rvar-Oddr" title="Örvar-Oddr">Örvar-Oddr</a>, "who is rejuvenated after living as a tree-man (Ǫrvar-Odds saga 24–27)".<a href="#cite_note-simekrag-159">[159]</a>: 189

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muspille,_Heliand,_and_Christianity">Muspille, Heliand, and Christianity</h3></div>

Theories have been proposed about the relation between Ragnarök and the 9th-century <a href="Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> <a href="Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic poem</a> <a href="Muspilli" title="Muspilli">Muspilli</a> about the Christian Last Judgment, where the word Muspille appears, and the 9th-century <a href="Old_Saxon" title="Old Saxon">Old Saxon</a> epic poem <a href="Heliand" title="Heliand">Heliand</a> about the life of Christ, where various other forms of the word appear. In both sources, the word is used to signify the end of the world through fire.<a href="#cite_note-simekrag-159">[159]</a>: 222–224 Old Norse forms of the term also appear throughout accounts of Ragnarök, where the world is also consumed in flames, and, though various theories exist about the meaning and origins of the term, its etymology has not been solved.<a href="#cite_note-simekrag-159">[159]</a>: 222–224

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proto-Indo-European_basis">Proto-Indo-European basis</h3></div>

Parallels have been pointed out between the Ragnarök of <a href="Norse_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse religion">Norse religion</a> and the beliefs of other related <a href="Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-European peoples</a>. Subsequently, theories have been put forth that Ragnarök represents a later evolution of a <a href="Proto-Indo-European_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European religion">Proto-Indo-European</a> belief along with other cultures descending from the Proto-Indo-Europeans. These parallels include comparisons of a cosmic winter motif between the Norse <a href="Fimbulwinter" title="Fimbulwinter">Fimbulwinter</a>, the <a href="Iranian_peoples#History_and_settlement" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> <a href="Bundahishn" title="Bundahishn">Bundahishn</a> and <a href="Jamshid" title="Jamshid">Yima</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997182–183-160">[160]</a> Víðarr's stride has been compared to the <a href="Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedic</a> god <a href="Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> in that both have a "cosmic stride" with a special shoe used to tear apart a beastly wolf.<a href="#cite_note-malloryrag-161">[161]</a>: 182–183 Larger patterns have also been drawn between "final battle" events in Indo-European cultures, including the occurrence of a blind or semi-blind figure in "final battle" themes, and figures appearing suddenly with surprising skills.<a href="#cite_note-malloryrag-161">[161]</a>: 182–183

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volcanic_eruptions">Volcanic eruptions</h3></div>

<a href="Hilda_Ellis_Davidson" title="Hilda Ellis Davidson">Hilda Ellis Davidson</a> theorizes that the events in Völuspá occurring after the death of the gods (the sun turning black, steam rising, flames touching the heavens, etc.) may be inspired by the volcanic eruptions on Iceland. Records of eruptions on Iceland bear strong similarities to the sequence of events described in Völuspá, especially the eruption at <a href="Laki" title="Laki">Laki</a> that occurred in 1783.<a href="#cite_note-davidsonrag-162">[162]</a>: 208–209 <a href="Bertha_Phillpotts" title="Bertha Phillpotts">Bertha Phillpotts</a> theorizes that the figure of Surtr was inspired by Icelandic eruptions, and that he was a volcano demon.<a href="#cite_note-davidsonrag-162">[162]</a>: 208–209 Surtr's name occurs in some Icelandic place names, among them the <a href="Lava_tube" title="Lava tube">lava tube</a> <a href="Surtshellir" title="Surtshellir">Surtshellir</a>, a number of dark caverns in the volcanic central region of Iceland.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bergbúa_þáttr">Bergbúa þáttr</h3></div>

Parallels have been pointed out between a poem spoken by a <a href="J%C3%B6tunn" title="Jötunn">jötunn</a> found in the 13th-century <a href="%C3%9E%C3%A1ttr" title="Þáttr">þáttr</a> <a href="Bergb%C3%BAa_%C3%BE%C3%A1ttr" title="Bergbúa þáttr">Bergbúa þáttr</a> ("the tale of the mountain dweller"). In the tale, Thórd and his servant get lost while traveling to church in winter, and so take shelter for the night within a cave. Inside the cave they hear noises, witness a pair of immense burning eyes, and then the being with burning eyes recites a poem of 12 stanzas. The poem the being recites contains references to Norse mythology (including a mention of Thor) and also prophecies (including that "mountains will tumble, the earth will move, men will be scoured by hot water and burned by fire"). Surtr's fire receives a mention in stanza 10. <a href="John_Lindow" title="John Lindow">John Lindow</a> says that the poem may describe "a mix of the destruction of the race of giants and of humans, as in Ragnarök" but that "many of the predictions of disruption on earth could also fit the volcanic activity that is so common in Iceland."<a href="#cite_note-lindowrag-164">[164]</a>: 73–74

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_influences">Modern influences</h3></div>

In late 2013 and early 2014, English-language media outlets widely reported that Ragnarök was foretold to occur on 22 February 2014.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> Apparently patterned after the <a href="2012_phenomenon" title="2012 phenomenon">2012 phenomenon</a>, the claim was at times attributed to a "Viking Calendar". No such calendar is known to have existed, and the source was a "prediction" made to media outlets by the <a href="Jorvik_Viking_Centre" title="Jorvik Viking Centre">Jorvik Viking Centre</a> in <a href="York" title="York">York</a>, England, intended to draw attention to an event that the institution was to hold on that date. The Jorvik Viking Centre was criticized for misleading the public to promote the event. In a 2014 article on the claims, philologist Joseph S. Hopkins perceives the media response as an example of a broad revival of interest in the Viking Age and ancient Germanic topics.<a href="#cite_note-hopkinsrag-166">[166]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mayan_calendar_and_the_year_2012">Mayan calendar and the year 2012</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="2012_phenomenon" title="2012 phenomenon">2012 phenomenon</a></div>

The <a href="2012_phenomenon" title="2012 phenomenon">2012 phenomenon</a> was a range of eschatological beliefs that cataclysmic or otherwise transformative events would occur on or around 21 December 2012.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> This date was regarded as the end-date of a 5,126-year-long cycle in the <a href="Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar" title="Mesoamerican Long Count calendar">Mesoamerican Long Count calendar</a>,<a href="#cite_note-yucalandia-168">[168]</a> and as such, festivities to commemorate the date took place on 21 December 2012 in the countries that were part of the <a href="Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya civilization</a> (<a href="Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, <a href="Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>, and <a href="El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a>), with main events at <a href="Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Chichén Itzá">Chichén Itzá</a> in Mexico, and <a href="Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a> in Guatemala.<a href="#cite_note-ChiItza-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT122112-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hff-171">[171]</a>

Various astronomical alignments and numerological formulae were proposed as pertaining to this date. A <a href="New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a> interpretation held that the date marked the start of a period during which Earth and its inhabitants would undergo a positive physical or <a href="Spiritual_transformation" title="Spiritual transformation">spiritual transformation</a>, and that 21 December 2012 would mark the beginning of a new era.<a href="#cite_note-anasatas-172">[172]</a> Others suggested that the date marked the end of the world or a similar catastrophe. Scenarios suggested for the end of the world included the arrival of the next <a href="Solar_maximum" title="Solar maximum">solar maximum</a>, an interaction between Earth and the <a href="Sagittarius_A*" title="Sagittarius A*">supermassive black hole at the center of the galaxy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-NASA1-173">[173]</a> or <a href="Nibiru_cataclysm" title="Nibiru cataclysm">Earth's collision with a mythical planet called Nibiru</a>.

Scholars from various disciplines quickly dismissed predictions of concomitant cataclysmic events as they arose. Professional <a href="Mayanist" title="Mayanist">Mayanist</a> scholars stated that no extant <a href="Maya_codices" title="Maya codices">classic Maya accounts</a> forecast impending doom, and that the idea that the Long Count calendar ends in 2012 misrepresented <a href="Maya_civilization#History" title="Maya civilization">Maya history</a> and culture,<a href="#cite_note-Milbrath-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stuart-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-webster-176">[176]</a> while astronomers rejected the various proposed doomsday scenarios as <a href="Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Brown_2009-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nibiru_and_Doomsday_2012:_Questions_and_Answers-178">[178]</a> easily refuted by elementary astronomical observations.<a href="#cite_note-NASA2-179">[179]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="UFO_religions">UFO religions</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">UFO religion</a> and <a href="Ufology" title="Ufology">Ufology</a></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Ancient_astronauts_in_popular_culture" title="Ancient astronauts in popular culture">Ancient astronauts in popular culture</a>, <a href="Elder_race" title="Elder race">Elder race</a>, and <a href="UFO_conspiracy_theories" title="UFO conspiracy theories">UFO conspiracy theories</a></div>

<a href="UFO_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="UFO religions">UFO religions</a> sometimes feature an anticipated end-time scenario in which <a href="Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">extraterrestrial beings</a> will bring about a radical change on Earth and/or "lift" the religious believers to a higher <a href="Plane_(esotericism)" title="Plane (esotericism)">plane of existence</a>. One such religious group's failed expectations of such an event, <a href="The_Seekers_(rapturists)" title="The Seekers (rapturists)">the Seekers</a>, served as the basis for the classic <a href="Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">social psychology</a> research on <a href="Cognitive_dissonance" title="Cognitive dissonance">cognitive dissonance</a> conducted by the American psychologists <a href="Leon_Festinger" title="Leon Festinger">Leon Festinger</a>, <a href="Henry_Riecken" title="Henry Riecken">Henry Riecken</a>, and <a href="Stanley_Schachter" title="Stanley Schachter">Stanley Schachter</a> and published in their book <a href="When_Prophecy_Fails" title="When Prophecy Fails">When Prophecy Fails: A Social and Psychological Study of a Modern Group That Predicted the Destruction of the World</a> (1956).<a href="#cite_note-NovaReligio_1999-5">[5]</a> Some adherents of UFO religions believe that the arrival or rediscovery of <a href="Extraterrestrial_intelligence" title="Extraterrestrial intelligence">alien civilizations, technologies, and spirituality</a> will enable human beings to overcome current ecological, spiritual, political, and social problems on planet Earth. Issues such as hatred, war, bigotry, poverty, and so on are said to be resolvable through the use of superior alien technology and spiritual abilities. Such belief systems are also described as <a href="Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">millenarian</a> in their outlook.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-Grünschloß_1998-181">[181]</a> In the late 1990s, religious scholar <a href="Andreas_Gr%C3%BCnschlo%C3%9F" title="Andreas Grünschloß">Andreas Grünschloß</a> applied the term "<a href="Cargo_cult" title="Cargo cult">cargoism</a>" to adherents of UFO religions regarding their <a href="Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">millenarian beliefs</a> about the arrival of <a href="Extraterrestrial_intelligence" title="Extraterrestrial intelligence">intelligent aliens</a> on technologically advanced <a href="Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecrafts</a> on planet Earth, in comparison to the <a href="Melanesians" title="Melanesians">Melanesian islanders</a>'s faith in the return of <a href="John_Frum" title="John Frum">John Frum</a> carrying the cargo with him on the islands.<a href="#cite_note-Grünschloß_1998-181">[181]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Zoroastrian_cosmology" title="Zoroastrian cosmology">Zoroastrian cosmology</a></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Frashokereti</a></div>

The <a href="Zoroastrian_eschatology" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian eschatology">Zoroastrian eschatological ideas</a> are only alluded to in the surviving texts of the <a href="Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a>, and are known of in detail only from the texts of Zoroastrian tradition, in particular in the 9th-century text <a href="Bundahishn" title="Bundahishn">Bundahishn</a>. The accompanying story, as it appears in the Bundahishn (GBd 30.1ff), runs as follows:<a href="#cite_note-Boycezora-182">[182]</a> At the end of the "<a href="Zoroastrian_cosmology" title="Zoroastrian cosmology">third time</a>" (the first being the age of creation, the second of mixture, and the third of separation), there will be a great battle between the <a href="Yazata" title="Yazata">forces of good</a> (yazata) and <a href="Daeva" title="Daeva">those of evil</a> (daeva), in which the good will triumph. On Earth, the <a href="Saoshyant" title="Saoshyant">Saoshyant</a> will bring about a <a href="Resurrection_of_the_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of the dead">resurrection of the dead</a> in the bodies they had before they died. This is followed by a <a href="Last_judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Last judgment">last judgment</a> through ordeal. The yazata <a href="Airyaman" title="Airyaman">Airyaman</a> and <a href="Atar" title="Atar">Atar</a> will melt the metal in the hills and mountains, and the molten metal will then flow across the earth like a river. All mankind—both the living and the resurrected dead—will be required to wade through that river, but for <a href="Ashavan" title="Ashavan">the righteous</a> (ashavan) it will seem to be a river of warm milk, while the wicked will be burned. The river will then flow down to hell, where it will annihilate <a href="Angra_Mainyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Angra Mainyu">Angra Mainyu</a> and the last vestiges of wickedness in the universe.<a href="#cite_note-MacKenziezora-183">[183]</a>

The narrative continues with a projection of <a href="Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a> and the six <a href="Amesha_Spenta" title="Amesha Spenta">Amesha Spentas</a> solemnizing a final act of worship (yasna), and the <a href="Ab-Zohr" title="Ab-Zohr">preparation of parahaoma</a> from "white <a href="Haoma" title="Haoma">haoma</a>". The righteous will partake of the parahaoma, which will confer immortality upon them. Thereafter, humankind will become like the Amesha Spentas, living without food, without hunger or thirst, and without weapons (or possibility of bodily injury). The material substance of the bodies will be so light as to cast no shadow. All humanity will speak a single language and belong to a single nation without borders. All will share a single purpose and goal, joining with the divine for a perpetual exaltation of God's glory.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a>

Although frashokereti is a restoration of the <a href="Zoroastrian_cosmology" title="Zoroastrian cosmology">time of creation</a>, there is no return to the uniqueness of the primordial plant, animal and human; while in the beginning there was one plant, one animal and one human, the variety that had since issued would remain forever.<a href="#cite_note-Boycezora-182">[182]</a> Similarly, the host of divinities brought into existence by Ahura Mazda continue to have distinct existences, "and there is no prophecy of their re-absorption into the Godhead".<a href="#cite_note-Boycezora-182">[182]</a>

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<ul><li><a href="1975_in_Prophecy!" class="mw-redirect" title="1975 in Prophecy!">1975 in Prophecy!</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-nuclear_movement" title="Anti-nuclear movement">Anti-nuclear movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a></li>

<li><a href="Apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction</a></li>

<li><a href="Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a>

<ul><li><a href="Apocalypse_of_Abraham" title="Apocalypse of Abraham">Apocalypse of Abraham</a></li>

<li><a href="Apocalypse_of_Paul" title="Apocalypse of Paul">Apocalypse of Paul</a></li>

<li><a href="Apocalypse_of_Peter" title="Apocalypse of Peter">Apocalypse of Peter</a></li>

<li><a href="Apocalypse_of_Pseudo-Ezra" title="Apocalypse of Pseudo-Ezra">Apocalypse of Pseudo-Ezra</a></li>

<li><a href="Apocalypse_of_Pseudo-Methodius" title="Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius">Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius</a></li>

<li><a href="Apocalypse_of_Zerubbabel" title="Apocalypse of Zerubbabel">Apocalypse of Zerubbabel</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Climate_apocalypse" title="Climate apocalypse">Climate apocalypse</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Anti-cult_movement" title="Anti-cult movement">Anti-cult movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_countercult_movement" title="Christian countercult movement">Christian countercult movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Doomsday_cult" title="Doomsday cult">Doomsday cult</a></li>

<li><a href="New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New religious movement</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dark_forest_hypothesis" title="Dark forest hypothesis">Dark forest hypothesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">Dispensationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Essenes" title="Essenes">Essenes</a></li>

<li><a href="Global_catastrophic_risk" title="Global catastrophic risk">Global catastrophic risk</a></li>

<li><a href="Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_dates_predicted_for_apocalyptic_events" title="List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events">List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_messiah_claimants" title="List of messiah claimants">List of messiah claimants</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_people_claimed_to_be_Jesus" title="List of people claimed to be Jesus">List of people claimed to be Jesus</a></li>

<li><a href="Mutual_assured_destruction" title="Mutual assured destruction">Mutual assured destruction</a></li>

<li><a href="Order_of_the_Solar_Temple" title="Order of the Solar Temple">Order of the Solar Temple</a></li>

<li><a href="Peoples_Temple" title="Peoples Temple">Peoples Temple</a></li>

<li><a href="Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">Premillennialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Preterism" title="Preterism">Preterism</a></li>

<li><a href="Survivalism" title="Survivalism">Preppers</a></li>

<li><a href="Sabbateans" title="Sabbateans">Sabbateans</a></li>

<li><a href="Singularitarianism" title="Singularitarianism">Singularitarianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Ultimate_fate_of_the_Universe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultimate fate of the Universe">Ultimate fate of the Universe</a></li>

<li><a href="Unfulfilled_Christian_religious_predictions" title="Unfulfilled Christian religious predictions">Unfulfilled Christian religious predictions</a></li>

<li><a href="When_Prophecy_Fails" title="When Prophecy Fails">When Prophecy Fails</a></li>

<li><a href="White_Minaret" title="White Minaret">White Minaret</a></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-Hubbes_2016-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hubbes_2016_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hubbes_2016_14-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFHubbes2016" class="citation book cs1">Hubbes, László (2016). "Apocalyptic as a New Mental Paradigm of the Middle Ages". In Ryan, Michael A. (ed.). A Companion to the Premodern Apocalypse. Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition. Vol. 64. <a href="Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> and <a href="Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 144–176. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004307667_006">10.1163/9789004307667_006</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9789004307667</bdi>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1871-6377">1871-6377</a>. <a href="LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2015036208">2015036208</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85463647">85463647</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdamm.org/articles/apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a>." In James Crossley and Alastair Lockhart (eds.) Critical Dictionary of Apocalyptic and Millenarian Movements. 2021

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<li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_Britannica_19-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/apocalypticism">"Apocalypticism – theology"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531144449/https://www.britannica.com/topic/apocalypticism">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-05-31. Retrieved 2019-05-31.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Strauss_2009-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Strauss_2009_20-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFStrauss2009" class="citation web cs1">Strauss, Mark (2009-11-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/ten-notable-apocalypses-that-obviously-didnt-happen-9126331/">"Ten Notable Apocalypses That (Obviously) Didn't Happen"</a>. Smithsonian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531165827/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/ten-notable-apocalypses-that-obviously-didnt-happen-9126331/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-05-31. Retrieved 2019-05-31.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Paul_O._Ingram_1986._P._148-149-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Paul_O._Ingram_1986._P._148-149_22-0">^</a> Paul O. Ingram, <a href="Frederick_John_Streng" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick John Streng">Frederick John Streng</a>. Buddhist-Christian Dialogue: Mutual Renewal and Transformation. University of Hawaii Press, 1986. pp. 148-149.

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<li id="cite_note-PBS_2015-23"><a href="#cite_ref-PBS_2015_23-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/apocalypse/primary/white.html">"Primary Sources: Apocalypse! FRONTLINE"</a>. PBS. 2015-11-18. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000304005402/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/apocalypse/primary/white.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2000-03-04. Retrieved 2019-05-31.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists_2017-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists_2017_24-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFTorres2017" class="citation web cs1">Torres, Émile P. (2017-08-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thebulletin.org/2017/08/how-religious-and-non-religious-people-view-the-apocalypse/">"How religious and non-religious people view the apocalypse"</a>. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Retrieved 2019-05-31.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a href="Gerd_Theissen" title="Gerd Theissen">Theissen, Gerd</a> and <a href="Annette_Merz" title="Annette Merz">Annette Merz</a>. The historical Jesus: a comprehensive guide. Fortress Press. 1998. translated from German (1996 edition). Chapter 1. The quest of the historical Jesus. pp. 1–15.

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<li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a href="Bart_Ehrman" class="mw-redirect" title="Bart Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart D.</a>. Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium. Oxford. 1999. p. 127.

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<li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMeier1999" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="John_P._Meier" title="John P. Meier">Meier, John P.</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bsw.org/biblica/vol-80-1999/the-present-state-of-the-145-third-quest-146-for-the-historical-jesus-loss-and-gain/333/article-p482.html">"The Present State of the 'Third Quest' for the Historical Jesus: Loss and Gain"</a>. <a href="Biblica_(journal)" title="Biblica (journal)">Biblica</a>. 80: 482. Retrieved 2023-12-05.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Sanders_13-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Sanders_13_30-0">^</a> Sanders, E. P. The Historical Figure of Jesus. Penguin, 1993. Chapter 13, The Coming of the Kingdom.

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<li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Christopher Hays. When the Son of Man Didn't Come. Fortress Press 2017.

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<li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Mark Keown. "An Imminent Parousia and Christian Mission: Did the New Testament Writers Really Expect Jesus's Imminent Return?" in Christian Origins and the Establishment of the Early Jesus Movement, Brill 2017, pp. 242–263

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<li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Familiar Stranger: An Introduction to Jesus of Nazareth by Michael James McClymond (2004) pp. 77-79

</li>

<li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Studying the Historical Jesus: Evaluations of the State of Current Research by Bruce Chilton and Craig A. Evans (1998) pp. 255-257

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<li id="cite_note-eue-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eue_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eue_35-1">b</a> John-Christian Eurell. "The Delay of the Parousia and the Changed Function of Eschatological Language". Journal of Early Christian History 2020.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> According to <a href="Bart_Ehrman" class="mw-redirect" title="Bart Ehrman">Bart Ehrman</a>, John's preparation for the end through baptismal forgiveness of sins is comparable to the sentiments of other apocalyptic movements of the late <a href="Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a>. Ehrman argues that in the <a href="Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">synoptic Gospels</a>, where Jesus is deliberate in beginning his preaching with <a href="John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>, this is a reflection on the nature of his apocalyptic ministry.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFEhrman2008" class="citation book cs1">Ehrman, Bart D. (2008). The New Testament: a historical introduction to the early Christian writings (4th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780195322590</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/83758783">83758783</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> J Andrew Doole. "Did Paul Really Think He Wasn't Going to Die? Paul, the Parousia, and the First Person Plural in 1 Thess 4:13–18". Novum Testamentum 2020.

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<li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFEhrman2008" class="citation book cs1">Ehrman, Bart D. (2008). The New Testament: a historical introduction to the early Christian writings. Oxford University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-19-532259-0</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/673218782">673218782</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a href="N.T._Wright" class="mw-redirect" title="N.T. Wright">N.T. Wright</a> (2018), Hope Deferred? Against the Dogma of Delay, page 58, University of St. Andrews

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<li id="cite_note-Geddert-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Geddert_41-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGeddert1992" class="citation book cs1">Geddert, T. J. (1992). "Apocalyptic Teaching". In Green, Joel B.; McKnight, Scot; Marshall, I. Howard (eds.). Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels: A Compendium of Contemporary Biblical Scholarship. Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8308-1777-1</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> According to <a href="N.T._Wright" class="mw-redirect" title="N.T. Wright">N.T. Wright</a>, "the kingdom has already come with power, when Jesus was raised from the dead..." "The notion of God's already-launched kingdom appears explicitly in Rom 5:12-21, setting the tone for the whole of chapters 6, 7, and 8. The "reign" of death is contrasted in Rom 5:19 with the "reign" of "those who receive the abundance of grace;" and then, in v.21, with the reign of grace that has been inaugurated through Jesus." According to Wright, "these are clearly present realities with future consequences."

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<li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> N.T. Wright Hope Deferred? Against the Dogma of Delay. Early Christianity 2018 pp.59-60.

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<li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> John Dominic Crossan, The Historical Jesus: The Life of a Mediterranean Jewish Peasant (San Francisco: HarperCollins, 1991), 227–60.

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<li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Marcus Borg, "A Temperate Case for a Non-eschatological Jesus," Forum, 2 (1986), pp. 81–102.

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<li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Stephen J. Patterson, "The End of Apocalypse: Rethinking the Eschatological Jesus," Theology Today 52 (1995): 29–58

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<li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Dale C. Allison, Constructing Jesus: Memory, Imagination, and History (London: SPCK, 2010), 116–136

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<li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> N. T. Wright, Jesus and the Victory of God (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1996), pp. 329–365

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<li id="cite_note-Green,_J.B._2018-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Green,_J.B._2018_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Green,_J.B._2018_49-1">b</a> Green, J.B., Brown, J., & Perrin, N. (2018). Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels: A Compendium of Contemporary Biblical Scholarship. IVP.

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<li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Kinman, B. (1999). Parousia, Jesus "A-Triumphal" Entry, and the Fate of Jerusalem. Journal of Biblical Literature, 118(2), 279-294,

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<li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> J.E. Goldingay, Daniel (Dallas, Tex.: Word, 1989), 137-193

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<li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> J.J. Collins, Daniel, (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1993), 274-324

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<li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a href="N.T._Wright" class="mw-redirect" title="N.T. Wright">N.T. Wright</a> (2018), Hope Deferred? Against the Dogma of Delay, page 51-52, University of St. Andrews

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<li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> J. Klawans, Purity, Sacrifice, and the Temple: Symbolism and Supersessionism in the Study of Ancient Judaism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 111-144

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<li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a href="R._T._France" title="R. T. France">R. T. France</a>, The Gospel of Mark, New International Greek Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2002), 498–543

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<li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a href="N._T._Wright" title="N. T. Wright">N. T. Wright</a>, Jesus and the Victory of God (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1996), pp. 329–365

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<li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblehub.com/commentaries/gill/matthew/24.htm">Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible</a> on Matthew 24, accessed 19 February 2017

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<li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <a href="N.T._Wright" class="mw-redirect" title="N.T. Wright">N.T. Wright</a>, Hope Deferred? Against the Dogma of Delay. Early Christianity 2018 pp.78-79.

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<li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <a href="N.T._Wright" class="mw-redirect" title="N.T. Wright">N.T. Wright</a>, Hope Deferred? Against the Dogma of Delay. Early Christianity 2018 pp.59-60.

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<li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Goldsworthy, G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beginningwithmoses.org/library/gospelrevelation.htm">"The Gospel in Revelation – Gospel and Apocalypse"</a>

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<li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Tattersall, L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://perspective.org.au/sermonseries/84/revelation---letters-from-heaven">"Letters from heaven – Bible talks from the book of Revelation"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060819202030/http://perspective.org.au/sermonseries/84/revelation---letters-from-heaven">Archived</a> 2006-08-19 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Perspective Vol. 10 No. 3&4, 2003.

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<li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWagar1991" class="citation journal cs1">Wagar, W. Warren (1991). "Hillel Schwartz. Century's End: A Cultural History of the Fin de Siècle from the 990s through the 1990s. New York: Doubleday. 1990. pp. 395". The American Historical Review. 96 (4): 1149. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fahr%2F96.4.1149">10.1086/ahr/96.4.1149</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-8762">0002-8762</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBurr1901" class="citation journal cs1">Burr, George Lincoln (1901). "The Year 1000 and the Antecedents of the Crusades". The American Historical Review. 6 (3): 429–439. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1833508">10.2307/1833508</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-8762">0002-8762</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1833508">1833508</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Castro_Contributor_2014-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Castro_Contributor_2014_66-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCastro2014" class="citation web cs1">Castro, Joseph (2014-01-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/42976-when-was-jesus-born.html">"When Was Jesus Born?"</a>. <a href="Live_Science" title="Live Science">Live Science</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190620184534/https://www.livescience.com/42976-when-was-jesus-born.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-06-20. Retrieved 2019-05-31.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Mario1000-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Mario1000_67-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBaghos2006" class="citation journal cs1">Baghos, Mario (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312057952">"Apocalypticism, the Year 1000, and the Medieval Roots of the Ecological Crisis"</a>. Literature & Aesthetics. 26: 83–102. Retrieved 4 June 2019.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBarbero2015" class="citation book cs1">Barbero, Alessandro (2015). Medioevo: storia di voci, racconto di immagini. Chiara Frugoni. Roma: GLF editori Laterza. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-88-581-1929-7</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/928760127">928760127</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.documentazione.info/alessandro-barbero-storico-di-superquark-e-la-paura-dellanno-mille-che-non-ce-mai-stata">"Alessandro Barbero, storico di SuperQuark, e la paura dell'anno mille (che non c'è mai stata)"</a>. documentazione.info (in Italian). 2020-03-09. Retrieved 2021-05-11.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.instoria.it/home/paura_anno_mille_medioevo.htm">"InStoria – La paura dell'anno mille"</a>. www.instoria.it. Retrieved 2021-05-11.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicalactivi02browgoog">Fifth Monarchy Men: Study in Seventeenth Century English Millenarianism by Bernard Capp</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190624204501/https://books.google.com/books?id=gnMaAAAAMAAJ&dq=Fifth+Monarchists&source=gbs_navlinks_s">Archived</a> 2019-06-24 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-571-09791-X</bdi>

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<li id="cite_note-Snobelen-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Snobelen_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Snobelen_74-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Snobelen_74-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Snobelen_74-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Snobelen_74-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Snobelen_74-5">f</a> <cite id="CITEREFSnobelen" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Snobelen, Stephen D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isaac-newton.org/newton_2060.htm">"A time and times and the dividing of time: Isaac Newton, the Apocalypse and A.D. 2060"</a>. The Canadian Journal of History. 38 (December 2003): 537–551. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070825070542/http://www.isaac-newton.org/newton_2060.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2007. Retrieved 15 August 2007.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Yahuda MS 7.3o, f. 8r

</li>

<li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Yahuda MS 7.3g, f.

13v

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Snobelen_2001_pp._95-118-77"><a href="#cite_ref-Snobelen_2001_pp._95-118_77-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSnobelen2001" class="citation book cs1">Snobelen, S. (2001). ""The Mystery of this Restitution of All Things": Isaac Newton on the Return of the Jews". Millenarianism and Messianism in Early Modern European Culture. pp. 95–118. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-017-2282-7_7">10.1007/978-94-017-2282-7_7</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9789048156641</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-news.adventist.org-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-news.adventist.org_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-news.adventist.org_78-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.adventist.org/en/all-news/news/go/-/seventh-day-adventist-church-emerged-from-religious-fervor-of-19th-century/">"Seventh-day Adventist Church emerged from religious fervor of 19th Century"</a>. 4 October 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160822071608/https://news.adventist.org/en/all-news/news/go/-/seventh-day-adventist-church-emerged-from-religious-fervor-of-19th-century/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2016.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-pbs.orgmillerite-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pbs.orgmillerite_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pbs.orgmillerite_79-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/apocalypse/explanation/amprophesy.html">"Apocalypticism Explained – Apocalypse! Frontline"</a>. <a href="PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170122215717/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/apocalypse/explanation/amprophesy.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2017. Retrieved 27 December 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-amazingdiscoveries.org-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-amazingdiscoveries.org_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-amazingdiscoveries.org_80-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amazingdiscoveries.org/S-deception-Great-Disappointment_Advent_Miller">"The Great Disappointment and the Birth of Adventism"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161125123916/http://amazingdiscoveries.org/S-deception-Great-Disappointment_Advent_Miller">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2016.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-adventistreview.org-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-adventistreview.org_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-adventistreview.org_81-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adventistreview.org/church-news/great-disappointment-remembered-170-years-on">"Adventist Review Online – Great Disappointment Remembered 170 Years On"</a>. 23 October 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161126033552/http://www.adventistreview.org/church-news/great-disappointment-remembered-170-years-on">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFQueenProtheroShattuck2018" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Queen, Edward L.; Prothero, Stephen R.; Shattuck, Gardiner H., eds. (2018) [2001]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u-_6P2rMy2wC&q=%22adventist+church+is+a+protestant%22&pg=PA913">"Seventh-day Adventist Church"</a>. Encyclopedia of American Religious History. <a href="Facts_On_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Facts On File">Facts On File</a>. Vol. 3 (4th ed.). <a href="Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> and <a href="New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="Infobase_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Infobase Publishing">Infobase Publishing</a>. p. 913. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4381-4186-2</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1090391391">1090391391</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> More precisely, Friday sunset to Saturday sunset; see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblicalresearch.gc.adventist.org/documents/sabbathbegin.pdf">When Does Sabbath Begin?</a> on the Adventist website. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724224455/http://biblicalresearch.gc.adventist.org/documents/sabbathbegin.pdf">Archived</a> 24 July 2011 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-webhistory-84"><a href="#cite_ref-webhistory_84-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061206202842/http://www.adventist.org/world_church/facts_and_figures/history/index.html.en">"Seventh-day Adventists – The Heritage Continues Along"</a>. <a href="General_Conference_of_Seventh-day_Adventists" class="mw-redirect" title="General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists">General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adventist.org/world_church/facts_and_figures/history/index.html.en">the original</a> on December 6, 2006. Retrieved 2007-01-17.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Ronald L. Numbers, Prophetess of health: a study of Ellen G. White (3rd ed. 2008) pp. xxiii–xxiv

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Mormon_Millenarian-86"><a href="#cite_ref-Mormon_Millenarian_86-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFUnderwood1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Grant_Underwood" title="Grant Underwood">Underwood, Grant</a> (1999) [1993]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.press.uillinois.edu/books/catalog/48cbq6kr9780252068263.html">The Millenarian World of Early Mormonism</a>. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. See also "Chapter 7: Apocalyptic Adversaries: Mormonism Meets Millerism". pp. 26–36, 49–51, 63–72, 112–126. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0252068263</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190513045007/https://www.press.uillinois.edu/books/catalog/48cbq6kr9780252068263.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-05-13. Retrieved 2019-04-09.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFStaker1993" class="citation book cs1">Staker, Susan, ed. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.signaturebooks.com/product/waiting-for-worlds-end/">Waiting for World's End: The Diaries of Wilford Woodruff</a>. Salt Lake City, Utah: Signature Books. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0941214926</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190624204452/http://www.signaturebooks.com/product/waiting-for-worlds-end/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-06-24. Retrieved 2019-04-09.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Matthew_24:14-88"><a href="#cite_ref-Matthew_24:14_88-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/nt/matt/24.14?lang=eng">Matthew 24:14</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190715040141/https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/nt/matt/24.14?lang=eng">Archived</a> 2019-07-15 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> KJV

</li>

<li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <a href="Doctrine_and_Covenants" title="Doctrine and Covenants">Doctrine and Covenants</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/45?lang=eng&id=26#p26">45:26</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <cite class="citation journal cs1">"The House-to-House Ministry – Why Important Now?". The Watchtower: 5–6. July 15, 2008.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> You Can Live Forever in Paradise on Earth, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1989, p. 155.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Revelation – Its Grand Climax at Hand!, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1988, p. 6.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-indisputableJEHOVAH-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-indisputableJEHOVAH_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-indisputableJEHOVAH_93-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-indisputableJEHOVAH_93-2">c</a> The Watchtower, March 1, 1922, p. 73, "The indisputable facts, therefore, show that the 'time of the end' began in 1799; that the Lord's second presence began in 1874."

</li>

<li id="cite_note-OurFaith1875JEHOVAH-94"><a href="#cite_ref-OurFaith1875JEHOVAH_94-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080512062421/http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1874-1876_Herald_of_the_Morning.pdf">"Our Faith"</a> (PDF). The Herald of the Morning: 52. September 1875. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.watchtowerdocuments.com/downloads/1874-1876_Herald_of_the_Morning.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2008-05-12. Retrieved 2008-05-29.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-TheWatchtowerJEHOVAH-95"><a href="#cite_ref-TheWatchtowerJEHOVAH_95-0">^</a> The Watchtower, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mostholyfaith.com/bible/Reprints/Z1894JUL.asp#R1677">July 15, 1894, p. 1677</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190401210133/http://www.mostholyfaith.com/bible/Reprints/Z1894JUL.asp#R1677">Archived</a> April 1, 2019, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: "We see no reason for changing the figures—nor could we change them if we would. They are, we believe, God's dates, not ours. But bear in mind that the end of 1914 is not the date for the beginning, but for the end of the time of trouble."

</li>

<li id="cite_note-SeptemberJEHOVAH-96"><a href="#cite_ref-SeptemberJEHOVAH_96-0">^</a> September 1, 1916 The Watchtower, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mostholyfaith.com/bible/Reprints/Z1916SEP.asp#Z264:2">264–265</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090713214204/http://www.mostholyfaith.com/bible/Reprints/Z1916SEP.asp#Z264:2">Archived</a> 2009-07-13 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-MillionsNowJEHOVAH-97"><a href="#cite_ref-MillionsNowJEHOVAH_97-0">^</a> Millions Now Living Will Never Die, 1920, p. 97, "Based upon the argument heretofore set forth, then, that the old order of things, the old world, is ending and is therefore passing away, and that the new order is coming in, and that 1925 shall mark the resurrection of the faithful worthies of old and the beginning of reconstruction, it is reasonable to conclude that millions of people now on the earth will be still on the earth in 1925. Then, based upon the promises set forth in the divine Word, we must reach the positive and indisputable conclusion that millions now living will never die."

</li>

<li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHolden2002" class="citation book cs1">Holden, Andrew (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jehovahswitnesse00andr">Jehovah's Witnesses: Portrait of a Contemporary Religious Movement</a>. Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jehovahswitnesse00andr/page/n14">1</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-415-26609-2</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> "The Strong Cable of Chronology", Watch Tower, July 15, 1922, p. 217, "The chronology of present truth is, to begin with, a string of dates... Thus far it is a chain, and no stronger than its weakest link. There exist, however, well established relationships among the dates of present-truth chronology. These internal connections of the dates impart a much greater strength than can be found in other [secular, archeological] chronologies. Some of them are of so remarkable a character as clearly to indicate that this chronology is not of man, but of God. Being of divine origin and divinely corroborated, present-truth chronology stands in a class by itself, absolutely and unqualifiedly correct."

</li>

<li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> The Watchtower, May 1, 1922, p. 132, "To abandon or repudiate the Lord's chosen instrument means to abandon or repudiate the Lord himself, upon the principle that he who rejects the servant sent by the Master thereby rejects the Master. ... Brother Russell was the Lord's servant. Then to repudiate him and his work is equivalent to a repudiation of the Lord, upon the principle heretofore announced."

</li>

<li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Jehovah's Witnesses – Proclaimers of God's Kingdom (Watch Tower Society, 1993), chapter 10.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Revelation – It's Grand Climax, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1988, p. 9.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1">"False Prophets". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reasoningfromscr00inte">Reasoning From the Scriptures</a>. Watchtower Bible and Tract Society. 1985. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reasoningfromscr00inte/page/n140">137</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <cite class="citation journal cs1">"To Whom Shall We Go but Jesus Christ?". Watchtower: 23. March 1, 1979.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Why have there been changes over the years in the teachings of Jehovah's Witnesses?,"Jehovah's Witnesses", Reasoning From the Scriptures, 1989, Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, p. 205

</li>

<li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> "Allow No Place for the Devil!", The Watchtower, March 15, 1986, p. 19

</li>

<li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> "Keep in Step With Jehovah's Organization", Watchtower, January 15, 2001, p. 18.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> The Christadelphian: Vol. 107, 1970, pp. 555–556.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWilson" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Shiela. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christadelphia.org/pamphlet/endworld.htm">The End of the World: Horror Story – or Bible Hope?</a>. Birmingham: CMPA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191009063250/http://www.christadelphia.org/pamphlet/endworld.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-10-09. Retrieved 2019-06-04.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFScott" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Malcolm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christadelphia.org/pamphlet/p_coming.htm">Christ is Coming Again!</a>. Hyderabad: Printland Publishers. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>81-87409-34-7</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191009063325/http://www.christadelphia.org/pamphlet/p_coming.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-10-09. Retrieved 2019-06-04.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMorgan" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, Tecwyn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120112085508/http://www.thechristadelphian.com/pamphlets/standardseries/christiscoming.html">Christ is Coming! Bible teaching about his return</a>. Birmingham, UK: CMPA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thechristadelphian.com/pamphlets/standardseries/christiscoming.html">the original</a> on 12 January 2012.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Hughesdelph-112"><a href="#cite_ref-Hughesdelph_112-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHughes" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, Stephen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christadelphia.org/pamphlet/p_kingdom.htm">The Kingdom of Heaven on Earth!</a>. Hyderabad: Printland Publishers. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>81-87409-55-X</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181017163744/http://www.christadelphia.org/pamphlet/p_kingdom.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-10-17. Retrieved 2019-06-04.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Owendelph-113"><a href="#cite_ref-Owendelph_113-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFOwen" class="citation book cs1">Owen, Stanley. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120112084009/http://www.thechristadelphian.com/pamphlets/standardseries/kingdomofgod.html">The Kingdom of God on Earth: God's plan for the world</a>. Birmingham, UK: CMPA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thechristadelphian.com/pamphlets/standardseries/kingdomofgod.html">the original</a> on 12 January 2012.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etsjets.org/files/JETS-PDFs/13/13-1/13-1-pp053-063_jets.pdf">"Charles M. Horne, "Eschatology: The Controlling Thematic in Theology," 60"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190803055217/https://www.etsjets.org/files/JETS-PDFs/13/13-1/13-1-pp053-063_jets.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2019-08-03. Retrieved 2019-06-03.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Eldon_LaddDonald_Alfred_Hagner1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="George_Eldon_Ladd" title="George Eldon Ladd">George Eldon Ladd</a>; Donald Alfred Hagner (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eIdkM00EdlAC">A Theology of the New Testament</a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 56. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0802806805</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190624204514/https://books.google.com/books?id=eIdkM00EdlAC&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-06-24. Retrieved 2019-06-03.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMcKim,_Donald_K.2014" class="citation book cs1">McKim, Donald K. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1611643864">Westminster Dictionary of Theological Terms</a> (2nd ed.). Louisville, KY: Presbyterian Publishing. p. 106. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1611643862</bdi>. Retrieved April 3, 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.org/seriespage/22-johns-problem-jesus-luke-718-35">"John's Problem with Jesus"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190603193234/https://bible.org/seriespage/22-johns-problem-jesus-luke-718-35">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-06-03. Retrieved 2019-06-03.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nymag.com/daily/intel/2011/05/a_conversation_with_harold_cam.html">"A Conversation With Harold Camping, Prophesier of Judgment Day"</a>. New York Magazine. May 11, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110518220328/http://nymag.com/daily/intel/2011/05/a_conversation_with_harold_cam.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 18, 2011. Retrieved October 13, 2011.</cite>

</li>

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<li id="cite_note-simekrag-159">^ <a href="#cite_ref-simekrag_159-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-simekrag_159-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-simekrag_159-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFSimek2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Rudolf_Simek" title="Rudolf Simek">Simek, Rudolf</a> (2007). Dictionary of Northern Mythology. translated by Angela Hall. <a href="Boydell_%26_Brewer" title="Boydell & Brewer">D.S. Brewer</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-85991-513-7</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997182–183-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997182–183_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalloryAdams1997">Mallory & Adams 1997</a>, pp. 182–183.

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<li id="cite_note-malloryrag-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-malloryrag_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-malloryrag_161-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFMalloryAdams1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">Mallory, J. P.</a>; <a href="Douglas_Q._Adams" title="Douglas Q. Adams">Adams, Douglas Q.</a> (1997). <a href="Encyclopedia_of_Indo-European_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</a>. <a href="Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-884964-98-2</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-davidsonrag-162">^ <a href="#cite_ref-davidsonrag_162-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-davidsonrag_162-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFDavidson1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Hilda_Ellis_Davidson" title="Hilda Ellis Davidson">Davidson, H. R. Ellis</a> (1990). Gods and Myths of Northern Europe. <a href="Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-14-013627-4</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPatel2017" class="citation journal cs1">Patel, Samir S. (2017). "The Blackener's Cave: Viking Age outlaws, taboo, and ritual in Iceland's lava fields". Archaeology. 70 (3): 36. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-8113">0003-8113</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRichards2014" class="citation web cs1">Richards, Chris (17 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/weird-news/viking-apocalypse-2014-ragnarok-due-3153959">"Will the world END next week? Viking apocalypse 'Ragnarok' due to arrive on February 22"</a>. Daily Mirror. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190602021113/https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/weird-news/viking-apocalypse-2014-ragnarok-due-3153959">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2019. Retrieved 3 June 2019.</cite>

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<li><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald2011" class="citation news cs1">MacDonald, G. Jeffrey (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/science/2007-03-27-maya-2012_n.htm">"Does Maya calendar predict 2012 apocalypse?"</a>. USA Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427013446/https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/science/2007-03-27-maya-2012_n.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-04-27. Retrieved 2019-05-31.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRobert_K._Sitler2006" class="citation journal cs1">Robert K. Sitler (February 2006). "The 2012 Phenomenon: New Age Appropriation of an Ancient Mayan Calendar". Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 9 (3): 24–38. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fnr.2006.9.3.024">10.1525/nr.2006.9.3.024</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1092-6690">1092-6690</a>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/357082680">357082680</a>.</cite></li></ul>

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<li id="cite_note-yucalandia-168"><a href="#cite_ref-yucalandia_168-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yucalandia.com/science-health-issues/2012-maya-calendar-mystery-and-logic-vs-thors-day-worship-the-sun-day-et-al/">"2012 Maya Calendar Mystery and Math, Surviving Yucatan"</a>. Yucalandia.com. 2012-11-16. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170729051827/https://yucalandia.com/science-health-issues/2012-maya-calendar-mystery-and-logic-vs-thors-day-worship-the-sun-day-et-al/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 25 December 2012.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-ChiItza-169"><a href="#cite_ref-ChiItza_169-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121221202223/http://www.nacion.com/2012-12-21/AldeaGlobal/miles-llegan-a-chichen-itza-con-la-esperanza-de-una-nueva-era-mejor.aspx">"Miles llegan a Chichén Itzá con la esperanza de una nueva era mejor"</a> [Thousands arrive to Chichén Itzá with the hope of a new better era]. <a href="La_Naci%C3%B3n_(Costa_Rica)" title="La Nación (Costa Rica)">La Nación (Costa Rica)</a> (in Spanish). <a href="Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a>. 21 December 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nacion.com/2012-12-21/AldeaGlobal/miles-llegan-a-chichen-itza-con-la-esperanza-de-una-nueva-era-mejor.aspx">the original</a> on 21 December 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2012.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-NYT122112-170"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT122112_170-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRandal_C._Archibold2012" class="citation news cs1">Randal C. Archibold (21 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/22/world/americas/doomsday-fizzles-but-many-hail-a-new-era.html">"As Doomsday Flops, Rites in Ruins of Mayan Empire"</a>. <a href="The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121222013244/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/22/world/americas/doomsday-fizzles-but-many-hail-a-new-era.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2012.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Hff-171"><a href="#cite_ref-Hff_171-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMark_Stephenson2012" class="citation news cs1">Mark Stephenson (21 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/12/21/end-of-the-world-2012_n_2344389.html">"End Of The World 2012? Not Just Yet"</a>. Huffington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121221192604/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/12/21/end-of-the-world-2012_n_2344389.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2012.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-anasatas-172"><a href="#cite_ref-anasatas_172-0">^</a> <cite id="Anastas2007" class="citation journal cs1">Benjamin Anastas (1 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ksuweb.kennesaw.edu/~tkeene/apwhAnastasThe%20(Mayan)%20Final%20Days.htm">"The Final Days"</a> (reproduced online, at <a href="Kennesaw_State_University" title="Kennesaw State University">KSU</a>). <a href="The_New_York_Times_Magazine" title="The New York Times Magazine">The New York Times Magazine</a>. New York: Section 6, p. 48. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190331194404/http://ksuweb.kennesaw.edu/~tkeene/apwhAnastasThe%20(Mayan)%20Final%20Days.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2009.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-NASA1-173"><a href="#cite_ref-NASA1_173-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/2012-alignment.html">"2012: Shadow of the Dark Rift"</a>. NASA. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121208062109/http://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/2012-alignment.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2012. Retrieved 28 October 2012.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Milbrath-174"><a href="#cite_ref-Milbrath_174-0">^</a> <a href="#Milbrath1999">Milbrath 1999</a>, p. 4

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<li id="cite_note-Stuart-175"><a href="#cite_ref-Stuart_175-0">^</a> David Stuart, The Order of Days: The Maya World and the Truth about 2012, Harmony Books, 2011

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<li id="cite_note-webster-176"><a href="#cite_ref-webster_176-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFDavid_Webster2007" class="citation web cs1">David Webster (25 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100215032307/http://www.anthro.psu.edu/faculty_staff/docs/Webster_GermanyMaya.pdf">"The Uses and Abuses of the Ancient Maya"</a> (PDF). The Emergence of the Modern World Conference, Otzenhausen, Germany: <a href="Penn_State_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Penn State University">Penn State University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anthro.psu.edu/faculty_staff/docs/Webster_GermanyMaya.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 15 February 2010. Retrieved 14 October 2009.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Brown_2009-177"><a href="#cite_ref-Brown_2009_177-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBrown2008" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Mike (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mikebrownsplanets.com/2008/02/i-do-not-pseudo-science.html">"SI do not ♥ pseudo-science"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090329230846/http://www.mikebrownsplanets.com/2008/02/i-do-not-pseudo-science.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2009. Retrieved 12 December 2012.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Nibiru_and_Doomsday_2012:_Questions_and_Answers-178"><a href="#cite_ref-Nibiru_and_Doomsday_2012:_Questions_and_Answers_178-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFDavid_Morrison2012" class="citation web cs1">David Morrison (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130811134015/http://astrobiology2.arc.nasa.gov/ask-an-astrobiologist/intro/nibiru-and-doomsday-2012-questions-and-answers">"Nibiru and Doomsday 2012: Questions and Answers"</a>. NASA: Ask an Astrobiologist. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://astrobiology.nasa.gov/ask-an-astrobiologist/intro/nibiru-and-doomsday-2012-questions-and-answers">the original</a> on 11 August 2013. Retrieved 12 December 2012.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-NASA2-179"><a href="#cite_ref-NASA2_179-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/2012.html">"2012: Beginning of the End or Why the World Won't End?"</a>. NASA. 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110222054800/http://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/2012.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2011. Retrieved 26 February 2011.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPartridge2003" class="citation cs2">Partridge, Christopher Hugh (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Aqhdas-u1UgC">UFO religions</a>, Routledge, p. 274, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-415-26323-8</bdi></cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Grünschloß_1998-181">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grünschloß_1998_181-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grünschloß_1998_181-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFGrünschloß1998" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Andreas_Gr%C3%BCnschlo%C3%9F" title="Andreas Grünschloß">Grünschloß, Andreas</a> (December 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archiv.ub.uni-marburg.de/ep/0004/article/view/3771/3587">"«When we enter into my Father's spacecraft». Cargoistic hopes and millenarian cosmologies in new religious UFO movements"</a>. <a href="Marburg_Journal_of_Religion" title="Marburg Journal of Religion">Marburg Journal of Religion</a>. 3 (2). <a href="University_of_Marburg" title="University of Marburg">University of Marburg</a>: 1–24. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17192%2Fmjr.1998.3.3771">10.17192/mjr.1998.3.3771</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1612-2941">1612-2941</a>. Retrieved 6 October 2024.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Boycezora-182">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boycezora_182-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boycezora_182-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boycezora_182-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFBoyce1979" class="citation cs2"><a href="Mary_Boyce" title="Mary Boyce">Boyce, Mary</a> (1979), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a6gbxVfjtUEC">Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices</a>, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, pp. 27–29, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-415-23902-8</bdi>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190624210023/https://books.google.com/books?id=a6gbxVfjtUEC&printsec=frontcover">archived</a> from the original on 2019-06-24, retrieved 2019-06-03</cite>.

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</ol></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Theology115" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Theology115" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Conceptions_of_God115" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">Conceptions of God</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li>

<li><a href="Dystheism" title="Dystheism">Dystheism</a></li>

<li><a href="Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li>

<li><a href="Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Kathenotheism" title="Kathenotheism">Kathenotheism</a></li>

<li><a href="Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li>

<li><a href="Monolatry" title="Monolatry">Monolatry</a></li>

<li><a href="Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Urmonotheismus" title="Urmonotheismus">Urmonotheismus</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li>

<li><a href="Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li>

<li><a href="Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li>

<li><a href="Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polydeism</a></li>

<li><a href="Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li>

<li><a href="Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li>

<li><a href="Theistic_finitism" title="Theistic finitism">Theistic finitism</a></li>

<li><a href="Theopanism" title="Theopanism">Theopanism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="Deity" title="Deity">Deity</a></li>

<li><a href="Divinity" title="Divinity">Divinity</a></li>

<li><a href="Gender_of_God" title="Gender of God">Gender of God</a> and gods

<ul><li><a href="Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Numen" title="Numen">Numen</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="God" title="God">Singular god</a> theologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By faith</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a>

<ul><li><a href="God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li>

<li><a href="God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li>

<li><a href="God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li>

<li><a href="God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li>

<li><a href="God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li>

<li><a href="God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li>

<li><a href="God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li>

<li><a href="God_in_Tenrikyo" title="God in Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a></li>

<li><a href="Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Absolute_(philosophy)" title="Absolute (philosophy)">Absolute</a></li>

<li><a href="Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li>

<li><a href="Emanationism" title="Emanationism">Emanationism</a></li>

<li><a href="Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a></li>

<li><a href="God" title="God">Supreme Being</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">God as</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Good" title="Good">Good</a> (<a href="Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a>, <a href="Father_of_Greatness" title="Father of Greatness">Father of Greatness</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinitarianism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian Creed</a></li>

<li><a href="Johannine_Comma" title="Johannine Comma">Comma Johanneum</a></li>

<li><a href="Consubstantiality" title="Consubstantiality">Consubstantiality</a></li>

<li><a href="Homoousion" title="Homoousion">Homoousian</a></li>

<li><a href="Homoiousian" title="Homoiousian">Homoiousian</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypostasis_(philosophy_and_religion)" title="Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)">Hypostasis</a></li>

<li><a href="Perichoresis" title="Perichoresis">Perichoresis</a></li>

<li><a href="Shield_of_the_Trinity" title="Shield of the Trinity">Shield of the Trinity</a></li>

<li><a href="Trinitarian_formula" title="Trinitarian formula">Trinitarian formula</a></li>

<li><a href="Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li>

<li><a href="Trinitarianism_in_the_Church_Fathers" title="Trinitarianism in the Church Fathers">Trinity of the Church Fathers</a></li>

<li><a href="Trinitarian_universalism" title="Trinitarian universalism">Trinitarian universalism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li>

<li><a href="Fate_of_the_unlearned" title="Fate of the unlearned">Fate of the unlearned</a>

<ul><li><a href="Fitra" title="Fitra">Fitra</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a> / <a href="Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_religion11" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Buddhist</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian</a></li>

<li><a href="Hindu_eschatology" title="Hindu eschatology">Hindu</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish</a></li>

<li><a href="Divine_Incantations_Scripture" title="Divine Incantations Scripture">Taoist</a></li>

<li><a href="Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Zoroastrian</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christianity</a></li>

<li><a href="Women_in_Hinduism" title="Women in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islam</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Judaism</a></li>

<li><a href="Mormonism_and_women" title="Mormonism and women">Mormonism</a></li>

<li><a href="Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddesses</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">Attributes of God in Christianity</a> / <a href="God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">in Islam</a></li>

<li><a href="Binitarianism" title="Binitarianism">Binitarianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li>

<li><a href="Divine_simplicity" title="Divine simplicity">Divine simplicity</a></li>

<li><a href="Divine_presence" title="Divine presence">Divine presence</a></li>

<li><a href="Egotheism" title="Egotheism">Egotheism</a></li>

<li><a href="Exotheology" title="Exotheology">Exotheology</a></li>

<li><a href="Theological_hermeneutics" title="Theological hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li>

<li><a href="Holocaust_theology" title="Holocaust theology">Holocaust</a></li>

<li><a href="Godhead_in_Christianity" title="Godhead in Christianity">Godhead in Christianity</a>

<ul><li><a href="God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Latter Day Saints</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Great_Architect_of_the_Universe" title="Great Architect of the Universe">Great Architect of the Universe</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Spirit" title="Great Spirit">Great Spirit</a></li>

<li><a href="Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic theology</a></li>

<li><a href="Olelbis" title="Olelbis">Olelbis</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_theism" title="Open theism">Open theism</a></li>

<li><a href="Personal_god" title="Personal god">Personal god</a></li>

<li><a href="Phenomenological_definition_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenomenological definition of God">Phenomenological definition</a></li>

<li><a href="Philo's_view_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Philo's view of God">Philo's view</a></li>

<li><a href="Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process</a></li>

<li><a href="Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">Unmoved mover</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a> in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Names_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Names of God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_titles_and_names_of_Krishna" title="List of titles and names of Krishna">Hinduism</a></li>

<li><a href="Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">Islam</a></li>

<li><a href="Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Jainism</a></li>

<li><a href="Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_faith115" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By faith</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Christian188" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History</a></li>

<li><a href="Outline_of_Christian_theology" title="Outline of Christian theology">Outline</a></li>

<li><a href="Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li>

<li><a href="Paterology" title="Paterology">Paterology</a></li>

<li><a href="Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li>

<li><a href="Pneumatology" title="Pneumatology">Pneumatology</a></li>

<li><a href="Biblical_cosmology" title="Biblical cosmology">Cosmology</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Eschatology</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li>

<li><a href="Sin" title="Sin">Hamartiology</a></li>

<li><a href="Messianism" title="Messianism">Messianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political</a></li>

<li><a href="Practical_theology" title="Practical theology">Practical</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_theology" title="Public theology">Public</a></li>

<li><a href="Sophiology" title="Sophiology">Sophiology</a></li>

<li><a href="Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Soteriology</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Hindu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ayyavazhi_theology" title="Ayyavazhi theology">Ayyavazhi theology</a></li>

<li><a href="Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Krishnology</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Islamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Oneness</a> of <a href="God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a></li>

<li><a href="Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy Scriptures</a></li>

<li><a href="Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li>

<li><a href="Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Predestination</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Last Judgment</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jewish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Nevi'im" title="Nevi'im">Abrahamic prophecy</a></li>

<li><a href="Aggadah" title="Aggadah">Aggadah</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Denominations</a></li>

<li><a href="Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pagan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Slavic_Native_Faith's_theology_and_cosmology" title="Slavic Native Faith's theology and cosmology">Slavic Native Faith</a></li>

<li><a href="Wiccan_views_of_divinity" title="Wiccan views of divinity">Wiccan</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Asian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Tenrikyo_theology" title="Tenrikyo theology">Tenrikyo</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <a href="Portal%3AReligion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Global_catastrophic_risks820" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Global_catastrophic_risks820" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Global_catastrophic_risk" title="Global catastrophic risk">Global catastrophic risks</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Future_of_Earth" title="Future of Earth">Future of the Earth</a></li>

<li><a href="Future_of_an_expanding_universe" title="Future of an expanding universe">Future of an expanding universe</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe" title="Ultimate fate of the universe">Ultimate fate of the universe</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Human_extinction#Risk_estimates" title="Human extinction">Human extinction risk estimates</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical warfare</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyberattack" title="Cyberattack">Cyberattack</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyberwarfare</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyberterrorism" title="Cyberterrorism">Cyberterrorism</a></li>

<li><a href="Cybergeddon" title="Cybergeddon">Cybergeddon</a></li>

<li><a href="Ransomware" title="Ransomware">Ransomware</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Industrial_applications_of_nanotechnology#Weapons" title="Industrial applications of nanotechnology">Nanoweapons</a></li>

<li><a href="Kinetic_bombardment" title="Kinetic bombardment">Kinetic bombardment</a>

<ul><li><a href="Kinetic_energy_weapon" title="Kinetic energy weapon">Kinetic energy weapon</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Nuclear warfare</a>

<ul><li><a href="Mutual_assured_destruction" title="Mutual assured destruction">Mutual assured destruction</a></li>

<li><a href="Doomsday_Clock" title="Doomsday Clock">Doomsday Clock</a></li>

<li><a href="Doomsday_device" title="Doomsday device">Doomsday device</a></li>

<li><a href="Antimatter_weapon" title="Antimatter weapon">Antimatter weapon</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Electromagnetic_pulse" title="Electromagnetic pulse">Electromagnetic pulse</a> (EMP)</li>

<li><a href="Safety_of_high-energy_particle_collision_experiments" title="Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments">Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments</a>

<ul><li><a href="Micro_black_hole" title="Micro black hole">Micro black hole</a></li>

<li><a href="Strangelet" title="Strangelet">Strangelet</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Synthetic_intelligence" title="Synthetic intelligence">Synthetic intelligence</a> / <a href="Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a>

<ul><li><a href="AI_takeover" title="AI takeover">AI takeover</a></li>

<li><a href="Existential_risk_from_artificial_general_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential risk from artificial general intelligence">Existential risk from artificial intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Technological_singularity" title="Technological singularity">Technological singularity</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sociological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anthropogenic_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropogenic hazard">Anthropogenic hazard</a></li>

<li><a href="Collapsology" title="Collapsology">Collapsology</a></li>

<li><a href="Doomsday_argument" title="Doomsday argument">Doomsday argument</a>

<ul><li><a href="Self-indication_assumption_doomsday_argument_rebuttal" title="Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal">Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-referencing_doomsday_argument_rebuttal" title="Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal">Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Economic_collapse" title="Economic collapse">Economic collapse</a></li>

<li><a href="Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusian catastrophe</a></li>

<li><a href="New_World_Order_(conspiracy_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Order (conspiracy theory)">New World Order (conspiracy theory)</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_holocaust" title="Nuclear holocaust">Nuclear holocaust</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cobalt_bomb" title="Cobalt bomb">cobalt</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_famine" title="Nuclear famine">famine</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_winter" title="Nuclear winter">winter</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Riot" title="Riot">Riots</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_crisis" title="Social crisis">Social crisis</a></li>

<li><a href="Societal_collapse" title="Societal collapse">Societal collapse</a></li>

<li><a href="State_collapse" title="State collapse">State collapse</a></li>

<li><a href="World_War_III" title="World War III">World War III</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Climate_apocalypse" title="Climate apocalypse">Ecological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">Climate change</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anoxic_event" title="Anoxic event">Anoxic event</a></li>

<li><a href="Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">Biodiversity loss</a>

<ul><li><a href="Mass_mortality_event" title="Mass mortality event">Mass mortality event</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cascade_effect_(ecology)" title="Cascade effect (ecology)">Cascade effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Cataclysmic_pole_shift_hypothesis" title="Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis">Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li>

<li><a href="Desertification" title="Desertification">Desertification</a></li>

<li><a href="Extinction_risk_from_climate_change" title="Extinction risk from climate change">Plant or animal species extinctions</a></li>

<li><a href="Climate_change_and_civilizational_collapse" title="Climate change and civilizational collapse">Civilizational collapse</a>

<ul><li><a href="Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system" title="Tipping points in the climate system">Tipping points</a></li>

<li><a href="Climate_sensitivity" title="Climate sensitivity">Climate sensitivity</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Flood_basalt" title="Flood basalt">Flood basalt</a></li>

<li><a href="Global_dimming" title="Global dimming">Global dimming</a></li>

<li><a href="Global_terrestrial_stilling" title="Global terrestrial stilling">Global terrestrial stilling</a></li>

<li><a href="Climate_change" title="Climate change">Global warming</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypercane" title="Hypercane">Hypercane</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecocide" title="Ecocide">Ecocide</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecological_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological collapse">Ecological collapse</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">Environmental degradation</a></li>

<li><a href="Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">Habitat destruction</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a>

<ul><li><a href="Environmental_issues_with_coral_reefs" title="Environmental issues with coral reefs">coral reefs</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_impact_on_marine_life" title="Human impact on marine life">on marine life</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a></li>

<li><a href="Land_consumption" title="Land consumption">Land consumption</a></li>

<li><a href="Land_surface_effects_on_climate" title="Land surface effects on climate">Land surface effects on climate</a></li>

<li><a href="Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li>

<li><a href="Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li>

<li><a href="Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">Resource depletion</a></li>

<li><a href="Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a></li>

<li><a href="Supervolcano" title="Supervolcano">Supervolcano</a>

<ul><li><a href="Volcanic_winter" title="Volcanic winter">winter</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Verneshot" title="Verneshot">Verneshot</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water pollution</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">Overexploitation</a></li>

<li><a href="Overpopulation" title="Overpopulation">Overpopulation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">Human overpopulation</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">Extinction event</a></li>

<li><a href="Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_extinction" title="Human extinction">Human extinction</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_extinction_events" title="List of extinction events">List of extinction events</a></li>

<li><a href="Genetic_erosion" title="Genetic erosion">Genetic erosion</a></li>

<li><a href="Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic pollution</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">Biodiversity loss</a>

<ul><li><a href="Decline_in_amphibian_populations" title="Decline in amphibian populations">Decline in amphibian populations</a></li>

<li><a href="Decline_in_insect_populations" title="Decline in insect populations">Decline in insect populations</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Biotechnology_risk" title="Biotechnology risk">Biotechnology risk</a>

<ul><li><a href="Biological_agent" title="Biological agent">Biological agent</a></li>

<li><a href="Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological warfare</a></li>

<li><a href="Bioterrorism" title="Bioterrorism">Bioterrorism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Colony_collapse_disorder" title="Colony collapse disorder">Colony collapse disorder</a></li>

<li><a href="Defaunation" title="Defaunation">Defaunation</a></li>

<li><a href="Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">Dysgenics</a></li>

<li><a href="Interplanetary_contamination" title="Interplanetary contamination">Interplanetary contamination</a></li>

<li><a href="Pandemic" title="Pandemic">Pandemic</a></li>

<li><a href="Pollinator_decline" title="Pollinator decline">Pollinator decline</a></li>

<li><a href="Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Astronomical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Big_Crunch" title="Big Crunch">Big Crunch</a></li>

<li><a href="Coronal_mass_ejection" title="Coronal mass ejection">Coronal mass ejection</a></li>

<li><a href="Cosmological_phase_transition" title="Cosmological phase transition">Cosmological phase transition</a></li>

<li><a href="Geomagnetic_storm" title="Geomagnetic storm">Geomagnetic storm</a></li>

<li><a href="False_vacuum_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="False vacuum decay">False vacuum decay</a></li>

<li><a href="Gamma-ray_burst" title="Gamma-ray burst">Gamma-ray burst</a></li>

<li><a href="Heat_death_of_the_universe" title="Heat death of the universe">Heat death of the universe</a></li>

<li><a href="Proton_decay" title="Proton decay">Proton decay</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_black_hole" title="Virtual black hole">Virtual black hole</a></li>

<li><a href="Impact_event" title="Impact event">Impact event</a>

<ul><li><a href="Asteroid_impact_avoidance" title="Asteroid impact avoidance">Asteroid impact avoidance</a></li>

<li><a href="Asteroid_impact_prediction" title="Asteroid impact prediction">Asteroid impact prediction</a></li>

<li><a href="Potentially_hazardous_object" title="Potentially hazardous object">Potentially hazardous object</a>

<ul><li><a href="Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth object</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Impact_winter" title="Impact winter">winter</a></li>

<li><a href="Rogue_planet" title="Rogue planet">Rogue planet</a></li>

<li><a href="Intergalactic_star" title="Intergalactic star">Rogue star</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Near-Earth_supernova" title="Near-Earth supernova">Near-Earth supernova</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypernova" title="Hypernova">Hypernova</a></li>

<li><a href="Micronova" title="Micronova">Micronova</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_flare" title="Solar flare">Solar flare</a></li>

<li><a href="Stellar_collision" title="Stellar collision">Stellar collision</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Buddhist</a>

<ul><li><a href="Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a></li>

<li><a href="Three_Ages_of_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Ages of Buddhism">Three Ages</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hindu_eschatology" title="Hindu eschatology">Hindu</a>

<ul><li><a href="Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a></li>

<li><a href="Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgement</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a>

<ul><li><a href="Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">1 Enoch</a></li>

<li><a href="Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a>

<ul><li><a href="Abomination_of_desolation" title="Abomination of desolation">Abomination of desolation</a></li>

<li><a href="Prophecy_of_Seventy_Weeks" title="Prophecy of Seventy Weeks">Prophecy of Seventy Weeks</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Futurism_(Christianity)" title="Futurism (Christianity)">Futurism</a></li>

<li><a href="Historicism_(Christianity)" title="Historicism (Christianity)">Historicism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Historicist_interpretations_of_the_Book_of_Revelation" title="Historicist interpretations of the Book of Revelation">Interpretations of Revelation</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Idealism_(Christian_eschatology)" title="Idealism (Christian eschatology)"> Idealism</a></li>

<li><a href="Preterism" title="Preterism">Preterism</a></li>

<li><a href="2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a>

<li><a href="Katechon" title="Katechon">Katechon</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a></li>

<li><a href="Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Events_of_Revelation" title="Events of Revelation">Events</a>

<ul><li><a href="Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse">Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse</a></li>

<li><a href="Seven_bowls" title="Seven bowls">Seven bowls</a></li>

<li><a href="Seven_seals" title="Seven seals">Seven seals</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Beast_(Revelation)" title="The Beast (Revelation)">The Beast</a></li>

<li><a href="Two_witnesses" title="Two witnesses">Two witnesses</a></li>

<li><a href="War_in_Heaven" title="War in Heaven">War in Heaven</a></li>

<li><a href="Whore_of_Babylon" title="Whore of Babylon">Whore of Babylon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Great_Apostasy" title="Great Apostasy">Great Apostasy</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Earth_(Christianity)" title="New Earth (Christianity)">New Earth</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Jerusalem" title="New Jerusalem">New Jerusalem</a></li>

<li><a href="Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a>

<ul><li><a href="Great_Tribulation" title="Great Tribulation">Great Tribulation</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Son_of_perdition" title="Son of perdition">Son of perdition</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Sheep_and_the_Goats" title="The Sheep and the Goats">Sheep and Goats</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic</a>

<li><a href="Beast_of_the_Earth" title="Beast of the Earth">Beast of the Earth</a></li>

<li><a href="Dhu_al-Qarnayn" title="Dhu al-Qarnayn">Dhu al-Qarnayn</a></li>

<li><a href="Dhul-Suwayqatayn" title="Dhul-Suwayqatayn">Dhul-Suwayqatayn</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Masih_ad-Dajjal" title="Al-Masih ad-Dajjal">Dajjal</a></li>

<li><a href="Israfil" title="Israfil">Israfil</a></li>

<li><a href="Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a></li>

<li><a href="Sufyani" title="Sufyani">Sufyani</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish</a>

<ul><li><a href="Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li>

<li><a href="Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">War of Gog and Magog</a></li>

<li><a href="Third_Temple" title="Third Temple">Third Temple</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Norse</a></li>

<li><a href="Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Zoroastrian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Saoshyant" title="Saoshyant">Saoshyant</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="2011_end_times_prediction" title="2011 end times prediction">2011 end times prediction</a></li>

<li><a href="2012_phenomenon" title="2012 phenomenon">2012 phenomenon</a></li>

<li><a href="Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a></li>

<li><a href="Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a></li>

<li><a href="Armageddon" title="Armageddon">Armageddon</a></li>

<li><a href="Blood_moon_prophecy" title="Blood moon prophecy">Blood moon prophecy</a></li>

<li><a href="Earth_Changes" title="Earth Changes">Earth Changes</a></li>

<li><a href="Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_dates_predicted_for_apocalyptic_events" title="List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events">List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events</a></li>

<li><a href="Messianism" title="Messianism">Messianism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Messianic_Age" title="Messianic Age">Messianic Age</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">Millenarianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Millennialism" title="Millennialism">Millennialism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">Premillennialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Amillennialism" title="Amillennialism">Amillennialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Postmillennialism" title="Postmillennialism">Postmillennialism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Nemesis_(hypothetical_star)" title="Nemesis (hypothetical star)">Nemesis (hypothetical star)</a></li>

<li><a href="Nibiru_cataclysm" title="Nibiru cataclysm">Nibiru cataclysm</a></li>

<li><a href="Rapture" title="Rapture">Rapture</a>

<ul><li><a href="Rapture#Prewrath_premillennialism" title="Rapture">Prewrath</a></li>

<li><a href="Posttribulation_rapture" title="Posttribulation rapture">Posttribulation rapture</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Universal_resurrection" title="Universal resurrection">Resurrection of the dead</a></li>

<li><a href="Vulnerable_world_hypothesis" title="Vulnerable world hypothesis">Vulnerable world hypothesis</a></li>

<li><a href="World_to_come" title="World to come">World to come</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fictional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alien_invasion" title="Alien invasion">Alien invasion</a></li>

<li><a href="Apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_apocalyptic_films" title="List of apocalyptic films">List of apocalyptic films</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">Climate fiction</a></li>

<li><a href="Disaster_film" title="Disaster film">Disaster films</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_disaster_films" title="List of disaster films">List of disaster films</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Zombie_apocalypse" title="Zombie apocalypse">Zombie apocalypse</a>

<ul><li><a href="Zombie" title="Zombie">Zombie</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Centre_for_the_Study_of_Existential_Risk" title="Centre for the Study of Existential Risk">Centre for the Study of Existential Risk</a></li>

<li><a href="Future_of_Humanity_Institute" title="Future of Humanity Institute">Future of Humanity Institute</a></li>

<li><a href="Future_of_Life_Institute" title="Future of Life Institute">Future of Life Institute</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_Threat_Initiative" title="Nuclear Threat Initiative">Nuclear Threat Initiative</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Disaster" title="Disaster">Disaster</a></li>

<li><a href="Economic_depression" title="Economic depression">Depression</a></li>

<li><a href="Financial_crisis" title="Financial crisis">Financial crisis</a></li>

<li><a href="Survivalism" title="Survivalism">Survivalism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li> <a href="Portal%3AWorld" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></li>

<li> Categories

<ul><li>Apocalypticism</li>

<li>Future problems</li>

<li>Hazards</li>

<li>Risk analysis</li>

<li>Doomsday scenarios</li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-06-13" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Apocalypticism&oldid=1295444912">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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